Hitler Psychology and Origins - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4147 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category People Essay Level High school Topics: Adolf Hitler Essay Did you like this example? Hatred of the Jews, the Communists, the Gypsies, and anyone who is not German, made the Austrian born Adolf Hitler wage war on the world and sacrifice more lives than any other person, other than him, can handle. He branded people based on their affiliations and beliefs, which subjected them to discrimination. On top of this action, he fabricated information about them, which made for the badges, armbands, and skin colors symbols of whatever negative feature Hitler presumed they have. Hitler was the artistic kind of person, henceforth the existence of his emotional instability, as shown in his speeches and trials in 1907 and 1924. Hitler never had any holdups regarding his hatred towards Jews, Communists, and Westerners, too. He had shown his hatred early on in his political career. In fact, he based his political ideals upon the extermination of the Jewish people. Adolf was in his 30s when he decided to put himself in the spotlight and gain a place in the government where he rebranded the Socialist Workers Party later on and turned it into the Nationalist Socialist Workers Party (abbreviated in German as N.A.Z.I.) Mein Kampf (or My Struggle) by Adolf Hitler was thought of because he listened to a donors idea of publishing. Soon after his revolution in 1923, he was arrested for high treason and entered the courtroom on Feb 1924 facing the death penalty. He was sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment in a luxury, white-collar, cell; he had a view of the countryside, u nrestricted visits, and a whole lot of time to finish his book, which described a different version of his life, different than some, if not most, historians. This experience made him become more distinguished, adult-like, rational, and earned him the nickname Legal Adolf. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hitler: Psychology and Origins" essay for you Create order His book did detail hatred for Jews and Communists, and that was embraced by most of his tiny number of readers. He sold thousands of copies but had a membership base by the hundreds of thousands. Due to the bad economy, most of the public never had any money for luxuries like purchasing books. Later on, Mein Kampf would be regarded as a bible for the Nazi party and the neo-Nazi movement. He described his struggle which was an alternate reality and twisted facts about his earlier stages of life that are still, somewhat, believed by some; his father was not as loving as he stated, and the story behind the Iron Cross medal was not a capture of 4 French soldiers, rather the delivery of a message within the trenches of World War 1. He also describes his vision of Germany, the White Christian country with hatred towards the Jews, Communists, and any other foreigner, for they take away the benefits of Germany. There were, at the time, over half a million Jews, and some the most successful of the population are Jews. Even the family doctor of Adolf Hitler himself, who treated Mrs. Hitler with her breast cancer without success, was Jewish. His hatred might come from multiple sources; the acts of war he witnessed, the loss of the war, his fathers abuse, the over-protectiveness of Mrs.Hitler which alone is derived from the 3 dead siblings that preceded Adolf, or even the fact that Adolf Hitler has had an inferiority complex due to his small torso and long limbs. One factor remains after considering the reasons behind the character development of Hitler: the complexity of the psychoanalysis of Hitler is far and wide. In order to understand when did he start to hate who he hated, we must analyze the psychology of our target to ensure an accurate method of determining whether he developed his hatred before he possessed the power or afterward. Dr.Langer, a psychologist who has studied the psychology of Hitler along with a team of experts for the OSS division of the US military in 1943, had written his analysis and cited more than 11,000 documents and numerous interviews with people who have met and interacted with the infamous leader for long periods of time. One of these people was the Jewish family doctor of the Hitlers. The MD had recounted Adolphs closeness to his mother while she was in her deathbed in a recording of the interview, and cited Adolphs unusual affection towards his mother which was much more than that of his sisters. He also commented on the mothers love towards the anti-semite, saying that she was over-protective of young Adolf due to the loss of 3 prior children in birth-related complications. This feature would affect Adolf in a way that would alter his behavior towards the world, his loved ones, himself, and even his principles and ideals; for example, the suicide of his niece in their residence in G ermany was due to his treatment to her which included the seclusion from the outside world due to its dangers, and the unusual sexual acts he performs (or rather wants to be performed on him) by her. These encounters are all contradicting to what Adolf Hitler, his followers, or even the majority of the publics knowledge about the person who wreaked havoc upon Europe. Hitlers book, Mein Kampf, would describe the Hitler societys point of view about what the world should be, but his entourage, his staff, and his partners all have different accounts of the life of Adolf Hitler, which would later alter the image that this man tried to present in his memoir for years. Another source of great benefit for understanding Adolf Hitler is a documentary made by the BBC depicting the study of Dr. Langer. In it is seen that Adolfs childhood was unique in its categorization; Dr. Langer has taken the Freud approach of analyzing the childhood of Adolf Hitler, which he discovered as unique because there may have been an alteration in the early stages of childhood that led to the person we know today. These analyzed works have been the basis for the responsible teams prediction of the infamous suicide of Hitler and his loss in the war 2 years prior to their occurrences. Furthermore, the accounts of the interviewed are personal, and despite the subjectivity of what an event telling, theres no contradiction in the stories told and the facts known. This makes the document, the work, and any citation of them viable. The prediction of Hitlers suicide was a clear cut sign of his disturbed self, and the attempt of suicide back in 1923 was a precedent to what he did to himself. While injured from a military gunshot, Adolf Hitler was running through Berlin after the failed coup detat attempt led by him and his Nazi party. He encountered his future party planner and she convinced him to not shoot himself in the head. Some might view it as a sign of attention desire, others see it as the real devastated man in his most vulnerable moment, but I see it as a proud individual who doesnt accept defeat easily, and would rather end his life than to be killed. Alongside so, his judgment is impaired due to his injury, making the ultimate decision -then- to be of utmost importance. His suicide in 1945 dismisses the theory that he was an attention whore because he did so alone, after killing his wife, and with the knowledge that there was no one there to stop him from pulling the trigger (or swallowing the pill.) Of course, ending his own life and attempting to do so prior to that wasnt the only indication of self-disturbance. His abnormal-self was also shown in his sexual activity, where the urine of his partner gives him the pleasure he needs for relief. Adolfs niece killed herself because of doing that to the infamous Fuhrer and for locking her in her room for extended amounts of time. This behavior showed the over-protectiveness of his mother in Adolf towards his niece, and the ruthlessness and abuse nature of his father in him. The alcoholic father used to beat young Adolf, and at one point he was left for dead after an almost fatal beating. Obviously, his mother couldnt stop her uncle/husband from punishing Adolf for no reason, but she tried to make up for it by showing him love and admiration. This contradiction made the young man feel close to his mother more and didnt realize that the abusive nature of his father was hereditary and would be reflected later in the actions that made Wo rld War 2 as infamous as it is. Of course, the image of Adolfs father in the tyrants memoir was distorted. He mentioned the loving nature of his father, and the harmony of his family throughout his childhood in Mein Kampf. Adolf Hitler distorted the truth about his life and the lives of others, and because of that many myths and rumors still, stand today as absolute facts. We, as humans, want to know the unusual events, the weird patterns, and the common conceptions and misconceptions in history so we would know the correct lessons and apply them for future generations. Adolf Hitler relied on that, spreading the message of hatred to Jews and Reds and the preservation of the Aryan race, and the message spread across Europe, and eventually, the world. He spread a message based on statements that are far from being true; he stated that the first World War was a guaranteed win for the Germans if it werent for the treacherous acts by the Communists and Jews. Looking back at the fact creation technique, we see that it had methods still used today by similar groups such as the neo-Nazi movement, the right-wing fanatics, third world tyrants like North Koreas Kim Jong Un and sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah, and even some governments or parts of governments, like the government of Slovakia or the United States White House administration. All of these examples and more around the world try to present an argument different than reality, and impose such information upon the minds of the public- be it forcible or otherwise. Adolf Hitler used the method of his father to impose his vision of the world; a pure Aryan world with other races enslaved or controlled by him and his party. He forcibly removed all the Jewish communities in Germany and began to cleanse Europe by the series of invasions in the late period of the 1930s. Soon after being praised for Times Man of the Year award, he invaded neighboring countries and killing who he, and his army and SS units, wish. The method of bullying his way through the lives of many was a reaction to how the world treated him when he was a younger man, and the horrific acts he committed was enhanced only by his past military and bloodshed experience. Even as the grand Fuhrer of Germany, Adolf Hitler never took off his falsely claimed Iron Cross medal. This need for praise on top of being the ruler of one of the greatest superpowers in history shows the insecurities of the German leader. Also, his need for praise shows his dissatisfaction with the dismal amount of glory he considered he had from his surrounding. He had won his seat in government after numerous recounts and special elections due to a loophole his party seized upon; the members of the parliament can protest and walk out, but that would cause a re-election of the seats of Parliament. From tens to 100s of seats, the Nazi party had gained immense power in the government, and Adolf Hitler kept representing it as its leader. This led to his appointment as Chancellor and, later on, merging his and the Presidents offices to make it the Fuhrers office. With his immense power, he remembered his days in the army, and him waking up from a chemical gas attack which blinded him, he invested in scientific discoveries and weaponry. His elite team made numerous planes, bombs, arms, and shields for the soldiers to use. This scientific team came from growing the population of his choice and directing them in different fields of life, a technique used by the Communist Russians; both cultures rely on the specificity of ones field in life, and the necessity for he or she to never drift away to another field to avoid enlightenment. He never confirmed that he brought other peoples culture and population control methods, but said that he thought about them or were consulted to him. Adolf Hitler was a liar even as a young man, falsely claiming to his mother and step-sisters that he was a great artist in Vienna, where he lived before he moved to Germany. We can see contemporary examples of these actions in the countries and regions mentioned above, and lying is not only second-nature but also considered vital for national interests. Misstating facts can be seen in numerous events in the leaders life, starting with his own description of his family as loving and caring and synced, to his version of the Iron Cross story where he delivered a message under heavy fire but replaced the story with one where he captured four French soldiers single-handedly, to his reasons behind a war on Europe, which was the biggest and the deadliest of his lies. Furthermore, while criticizing the former leaders, the ones who led the army he was part of to Germanys loss in the Great One, he applied the same strategies to rally up peoples support, promising them of a short and sweet victory over the enemies of the pure race. The same technique was used by Adolf in the late 1910s to recruit him to fight on the western front of Germanys borders with France. The trench warfare was costing the Allies plenty, in terms of finances, ammo, and lives, and that was all thanks to the German mighty power, something to be proud of if youre a German like the delivery man of the advancing army. Switching fronts, as he thought, was the treacherous and heinous act done by the Jewish and Communist leaders of the army. In his 1924 trial, Adolf Hitler stated that he was not a German citizen, but an Austrian one, yet the nationalistic views he held was endearing, colorful, but in reality, it was dark, vicious, and violent. His change to fighting two fronts, as we saw in the war he started, was to fight in each front, simultaneously, and with a lot of brains, brawn, and speed. He used tanks that were small and mobile, ships with sonar, submarines with stealth capabilities, planes that broke ground in aviation science, and an ideology of hate to unite them all under it, using only what he says and with complete disregard to the truth; disregarding the truth to him means the complete absence of the true version of the event or occasion, unlike the rest of us who twist the truth while thinking about it because we cant help but do so. Conf ronting Adolf about his lies would only make him yell and punish the speaker of such things. The first World War was a stepping stone for him to build his profile amongst the public, and the revolution was a big porch for him to parade on, but after becoming legal Adolf he was more effective. He opened himself up to a world of politics and realized that this field has the most impact upon Germany, and Europe. He used fact creation and hateful rhetoric to climb higher in the rankings of society and capitalized upon it when he was appointed as Chancellor, the head of the German government. His impact reached the core of the country, so much so that the flag of the country changed into the flag of his political party. When one political party in a democratic country rules undisputed it has the potential to produce a tyrant, as we saw with Nazi Germany. Some claim the United States is no better, but I disagree; the United States, as big of a monopoly its government is, still has a great deal of competition, which has a factor that the competitors rely on greatly; peoples satisfa ction and votes. In Nazi Germany, only one group of people were happy, and the rest lived in camps, on the run, or stopped living. This tyrannical system of government made for a lack of criticism directed towards the leadership and any kind of negative comments made for extensive punishment. Adolf Hitler repealed the freedom of speech, press, and most other freedoms in the name of national security, much like dictators and immoral leaders of contemporary times. History lessons are important for human progression, but in this case what some leaders like Kim Jong Un, Jacob Zuma, the president of South Africa, or even the incumbent president of the United States, Donald Trump, have learned to avoid the mistakes of the process, but not change the essence of their objectives in this life they take part of. Much like the man examined by so many before me, Adolf Hitler, these men have used their power for personal gains in ideology and fortune on the same level. Looking at Donald Trump we see that he used his powerful connections in the state government of New Jersey back in the 1990s to build his chain of unsuccessful casinos, and the method used was immoral, to say the least. He also pushed people out of their homes and had numerous lawsuits and settlements concerning the matter. This was done by the man who wasnt the leader of the US, but with his limited power, he has successfully made the world around him benefit himself the most. As president Donald Trump made the government transform into a rhetoric machine for him, making his aides and employees repeat his tweets as if they make any sense to the people outside his social circle. This pampering by his staff is required to stop the 72-year-old man from shifting into a monster who would need a constant and a huge amount of praise to be stopped from over-compensation, which could be dangerous considering that he has the resources of the most powerful military. The man did not have a normal childhood, mainly because his father was reportedly an alcoholic, and that raises the suspicion of an abused childhood, and because military school was involved in his early years as an aspiring pilot, but the house of Trump did not approve of this demeaning profession, and instead forced real-estate upon the young Donald. This would seem similar to the absence of art and artistic life that Adolf Hitler dreamed of when he went to Vienna, the obligation to go through the milit ary (or the participation military life), and the natural deviation to politics or political venues for personal gain. Other leaders of the world differ in their levels of morality, sense of nation, and world and human progression. None, however, rival these tyrants above, for they have used the people they have, or are, ruling to personally benefit from them. Jacob Zuma, for instance, used $15 million to renovate his palace with a new swimming pool that he claimed to the courts of South Africa that it was a fire pool in case the house catches fire, a chicken run, and other amenities that seem useless to everyone who isnt, or not related or working for, Jacob Zuma. Adolf Hitler used the people whom he wanted support from to build his utopia and tricked them into a war that ended his life and millions of others. Although the loss of each instance differ greatly, in an alternative world where president Zuma relied on hateful rhetoric to advance his political agenda, he would err and fight to expand his countrys territory. These two men dont share the same childhood environment, but they do share in it the poverty, love of a mother and the abusive nature of their fathers. Looking objectively at some monarchs of history or contemporary times, we find examples that would seem better and even moral, unlike the rule of Adolf Hitler, the man of the essay. For example, the current shaker of the political venue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed Bin Salman (aka MBS) have gone through strides not undergone by others before him in the country to seize more power and become Mr. Everything. MBS has jailed more than 100 princes who are blood relatives, tens of former and current ministers and heads of various governmental departments, and iconic businessmen and women under the pretense of corruption. This move and dozens beforehand made him rise through the ranks of government since 2015 to become the youngest and most influential crown prince. Without considering the morality of the method, he used the power he seized to allow for cinemas to be reinstated in the country after a 35-year ban, allow women to drive and alter the civil pedestrian and vehicle la ws to include all sexes as equal in these charters, and made the economy of the kingdom move away from oil, which consisted 90% of the governmental revenues, to a more green and varied approach. Jacob Zuma, Donald Trump, or even Vladimir Putin would continue to use the oil and keep filling out their pockets and those of their loved ones. MBS isnt the only example of morality when seizing power, but he is compared to the similarly aged Kim Jong Un, who uses his power to make whos around him praise him to the level of worship, and who increased the number of torture camps since he took power. The execution of his cousin would seem cruel, but if taking power would make for a better world, not a better world for the person in question, then the ends justify the means; a rotting building needs breaking or even tearing down for a newer and better building to exist. These examples showcase the true meaning of what a leader should learn, be, and avoid to become. I dont think either of us, me or the reader, would become a leader of a country, but we are responsible for our own power over our surroundings and people around us, and that would be improved if we see the needs of others before ours. Adolf Hitler as oblivious to the fact that the economy of Germany relied on its people, Aryan, Jew, or Communist. The cooperation of people builds people, but the early life of Adolf made him as vicious, corrupt, and as racist as he was; the racism was the result of his need to blame anyone other than the people he considered himself aligned with, the true Germans. Donald Trump saw that as well, but the severity of his immorality made him learn that the people needed a vent for their anger over losing occupations and dying careers, and he used that anger and directed it towards the people who built and continue building the United States economy. The Mexica n Wall issue is what made him president, and the birther controversy made him a legitimate politician, and both are built on fictional, or alternatively factual statements. The similarity of these tyrants childhoods is remarkable. Where Adolf Hitler faced false praise from his mother, and both were afraid for their lives from the head of the household, same as Donald Trumps and Jacob Zumas childhoods, and more importantly, they have lived, up until this point of life, at similar rates of power abuse and altering the facts of their lives and the lives of others. Moreover, the nature of their governmental decisions are based on personal profit and the benefit of the ones who helped them get the desired position, if they dont get betrayed by the newly appointed tyrant, that is. Hatred made Adolf Hitler the most infamous leader of the 20th century, and that made for a generation of narcissistic and racist people who believed in whatever rhetoric the Austrian man said or claimed, and we see the same effects in todays leaders all over the world. Mentioning Donald Trump, Kim Jong Un, and Jacob Zuma is an attempt to provide contemporary examples of what an Adolf Hitler might look like; troubled childhood and a twisted logic haunt all 3 men, and it had done so to the 1938 Time magazines Man of the Year, Adolf Hitler. Cited Works Page https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539,00.html https://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1981/07/11/walter-c-langer-wrote-mental-study-of-hitler/f7f523e8-fcd1-4552-8aa7-41c33bf37c9e/?utm_term=.749392b1373d https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78-02646R000100030002-2.pdf https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1981/07/11/walter-c-langer-wrote-mental-study-of-hitler/f7f523e8-fcd1-4552-8aa7-41c33bf37c9e/?utm_term=.3856f63fa4bf

Andrew Jackson And The Removal Policy - 820 Words

The seventh president of the United States; Andrew Jackson, was not only notorious for his success as a general but also for his actions as president. The Removal Policy is still discussed today because of the question of whether or not the removal of Native Americans benefited them or not. The intent of Jacksons actions is controversial because it is not clear if he acted in the best interest of Native Americans or for white settlers. Robert Reminis writing Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars he concludes that Jacksons removal act was the only way to protect the Native Americans from conflict with impeding settlers. Albert Cave writes in Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal act of 1830, that Jackson broke promises†¦show more content†¦Action was necessary and accepted as rational by the American people because of their unsustainable racism and greed for land to expand their settlements. The intent was not to burden the Native Americans, but â€Å"Jackson f ully expected the Indians to thrive in their new surroundings, educate their children, acquire the skills of white civilization so as to improve their living conditions, and become citizens of the United States†(Remini 213). In order to become citizens of the United States the Indians were expected to conform to the societal normalities of the white citizens. Jackson put the removal act in place to diffuse conflict and encourage Native Americans to accept the American way of life as their new culture. The idea was to act in the most humane manner that would help both sides, not necessarily to disregard the Indians heritage or way of life. The Indian Removal Act was supposed to give Native Americans the option to stay on their sacred land, but they were driven out involuntarily anyway. Jackson did not abide by the Indian Removal Act passed through congress, which exemplified absolute abuse of his power as president. â€Å" In both houses of Congress, a substantial block of leg islatorsShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson s Indian Removal Policy1379 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy Known as a highly regarded military general, Andrew Jackson was justified in his signing of the Indian Removal Act of 1830, because it allowed for the expansion of America by land acquisition and economic growth while at the same time protecting the culture of the American Indian tribes from total extinction. During the early 1800s, America, a newly born nation, was growing in a hurry. In order to compensate for this growth, America neededRead MoreNative American Perspective on Indian Removal Act807 Words   |  4 PagesIndian Removal Act which forced Native American tribes to move west. Some Indians left swiftly, while others were forced to to leave by the United States Army. Some were even taken away in chains. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, strongly reinforced this act. In the Second State of the Union Address, Jackson advocated his Indian Policy. There was controversy as to whether the removal of the Native Americans was justified under the administration of President Andrew JacksonRead MoreAndrew Jackson Indian Removeal Policy Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesWas Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Policy Motivated by Humanitarian Impulses? Authors: Anthony F. C. Wallace, Robert V. Remini, A Summary By: History 2111 Summer 2011 A summary comparison of views regarding the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Was it an act of humanitarianism intended to help and save the Native American culture from the white settlers, as Robert V. Remini has argued? Or was his intent to destroy the tribal culture and to get rid of the Native Americans, as Anthony F.C WallaceRead MoreAndrew Jackson : Good President845 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson helped to provide for a strong protection of popular democracy and individual liberty to the United States. Andrew Jackson known as the people’s president held a strong emotion in the states right’s which advocated to the increase of executive power. President Andrew Jackson was good for his country, because he provided certain decisions that helped form America into a better place than where it was before. President Andrew Jackson showed significant positivesRead MoreAndrew Jackson s Controversial Policy1449 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Jackson’s decision to remove the Cherokee Indians is still a controversial policy debated by historians today. This policy was important because it represented a significant turning point in United States history. The Jackson administration’s decision to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830’s significantly changed the political policy pursued by the United St ates but continued the social and economic policies. The Jackson administration changed U.SRead More Jackson Should Be Removed From the Twenty Dollar Bill Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesJackson Should Be Removed From the Twenty Dollar Bill Awarded the prestigious honor to remain forever engraved on the twenty dollar bill, Andrew Jackson became a figure in American history never forgotten. Future generations of younger students will not need to know Andrew for them to assume he was a great man. Unfortunately, the ignorance of idolizing Jackson because he appears on American currency serves to blanket the realities of his administration. Jackson should be removed from the twentyRead MoreAndrew Jackson: One of the Most Influential Presidents of All Time 1712 Words   |  7 PagesAndrew Jackson’s influence on the politics of his time was remarkable. He was the only president to have an era named after him. He also changed the way this country was run and expanded the country’s borders. He changed much, but the four most important aspects of this era, in chronological order, were his victory over the British, his defeat in the presidential race of 1824, his successful presidential campaign in 1828, and his de cision to remove Native Americans to land west of the MississippiRead More Jacksonian Era: The Removal Policy Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesAndrew Jackson, who was the 7th President of the United States, signed the Indian Removal Act in May 28th, 1832 and this policy granted Andrew Jackson the right to forcibly move the Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi. Even though â€Å"it is presumed that any explanation of Jackson’s purposes is an attempt to justify the mass killing of innocent people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Remini, 45) some would say his childhood affected him; seeing and hearing Indians Attacking places near his home. Or how he was the secondRead More Andrew Jackson Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAndrew Jackson No one can argue that as a president, Jackson made no mistakes; however, they in no way disqualify him from having a place on the U.S. twenty dollar bill. Jackson made every decision according to the will of the American people, even the more unsavory ones. He was a war hero that exemplified the strength and tenacity by which America has defined itself over the generations. He acted in all ways with concern for the growth of the American nation, both at home and overseas. Even hisRead MoreThe Long, Bitter Trail1195 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Pinkhasov The Long, Bitter Trail The Indian Removal Act was very controversial during its time, receiving influence from individuals, local, state and mostly by the federal government. This act gave the president, Andrew Jackson, the authority to make transactions with Indian tribes in the Southern region of the United States. The Indian Removal Act was a deal made by President Andrew Jackson with the Indian tribes, forcing them to leave their occupied land, which happened to be federal

Why Chinese Mother Are Superior Free Essays

Golsom Azim Ms: – Rebecca Language and composition First Draft of Narrative Essay Going to Marriage Party I was nine years old, very noisy and did not pay attention to anyone even my parents. Whatever I wanted the most I just did so. One day while I was playing with my dolls, I overheard that my parents were talking together about going to a marriage party, the marriage party related to one of my mother’s relative, my mother was saying that â€Å"don’t inform the children because the house is so far and if we take them they will become tired and also let them to study their lessons. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Chinese Mother Are Superior or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I heard it I became very happy because on my childhood I really liked to participate in different kinds of parties, I just continued playing, When my mother prepared herself for going to the wedding, I went and asked: â€Å"Mother where are you going? † Because I was so obstinate my mother hid it from me and said â€Å"my dear daughter I am just going out for shopping. † but I knew that she is going to the wedding, I said: â€Å"No mother you are telling lie, due to going out why are you wearing such beautiful clothes? my mother said nothing, just preparing herself. I screamed mother I know that you are going to the wedding; please I want to go as well. Please take me also but my mother did not look at me and went to find her sandal I just fallowed crying, she did not do anything because she knew that I am so stubborn and never listen to her, after a lot of crying she gave me one of my beautiful dresses and I got ready. On that day at ten o’clock my parents and I left home. Journey was really joyful for me because I never had long trip before, on the way my parents were talking with each other about the wedding but I did not hear them, I was just seeing out from the window of the car different things, like people were busy on their works and did different things and saw many beautiful trees and flowers and wondering about the people outside. I liked them a lot and also on the way I saw two people were fighting with each other and I became very curious and asked my father â€Å"why they are fighting? my father said my dear daughter I don’t know about them why they are fighting, I said noting just looked at them. After one hour journey we got off the car and ate lunch near one of the beautiful springs. I really enjoyed, while we were eating our lunch my mother advised me a lot that â€Å"my dear daughter when we arrive there just take care of yourself because you don’t know anything about there and be with me, don’t go anywhere with out my permission I just said OK mother. After three hours we arrived there, they were very happy to meet us and respected us a lot. At night when the party started and all the guests came and the groom and bride also came and sat on their own chairs, they were looking really attractive and charming. People who were there started to dance. Due to I couldn’t find any friend to play with them I just sat near my mother and watched them. The party was so joyful for me and had a lot of fun to watch them because everything I saw was new for me. After the party was finished at one or two o’clock midnight many guests left the house and some of them stayed there, they took me and my mother to one small room for sleeping at that night, I was so tried and felt sleepy soon. I woke up at 8 o’clock in the morning, ate my breakfast. When my parents wanted to came back home they did not remain as to come because their party did not finish they had one more party that show all of things that bride brought from her parents home. So we didn’t go home on that day and stayed for one more day. When I finished my breakfast I saw that my mother was busy talking to other women. Without taking any permission from her, I just went out and saw that many children were playing with each other I was very excited to see them because they were playing a game that I loved it as well. They were tightening one of the girl’s eyes with a black Catton and she had to find other girls if one of the girls was found by her, she would play in place of her. Without saying anything I went and joined them. They did not tell anything while we were busy in playing. One of the girls said to us, â€Å"Let’s go to the garden because here is not good place for playing. We all accepted and went with her. The place that she talked about was so far but still I liked to go, when we got there it was so green and had beautiful trees, nice flowers with different kinds of smell and one small river. we started playing other game that one girl should hide her eyes and other girls should go and hide themselves everywhere that they want, we were just busy in this game when I passed my turn, I went to hide myself somewhere after a lot of running to find any better place my feet stuck on a big stone and fell down to a river. I tried a lot but couldn’t save myself and began to scream a lot but no one heard my voice because they had gone to a very far place to hide themselves. After being for ten or fifteen minutes in the water I became unconscious. And when I woke up I found myself in a hospital. It was night about six or seven a clock I saw that my mother was crying in the corner of the room and my father was sitting on a chair when they saw me, my father was very happy but my mother was happy and angry as well. Because my father had scold her a lot why she did not take care of me. My mother came near to me and asked me why I did like this, why I did not pay attention to her advices. I was feeling so shy and couldn’t tell anything just said: â€Å"mother who brought me there? † She said,† your father. † I asked again† how? † She told that: â€Å"We waited a lot for you but you did not come so I just searched and after a lot of searching, the girls that you had gone with them told us that you were with them but after playing they couldn’t find you so they came home without you. I was really shameful in front of my parents because I made them nervous and just because of me they didn’t enjoy from the party and also I was really afraid of doctors and medicine because I hate to eat medicine. At the end I came to believe that parents never want the badness of their children and they just think about the happiness, betterment and prosperity of ou r life. So from that day, I have always been obeying whatever my parents have advised me. How to cite Why Chinese Mother Are Superior, Essay examples

Free Sample On Personal Leadership Model

Question: Discuss about thePersonal Leadership Model. Answer: Introduction I have learned that leaders typically have to ensure that their relationships with staff are sustained. If those relationships are strained it becomes difficult for leaders to lead. It is important that the individuals should have a personal leadership plan so that they can improve on a continuous basis. Simply defined, leadership is the act of leading a group or an organization in a formal or an informal setting (Plucknette, 2014). The leader oversees the development of teams with diverse individuals who possess the skill sets needed to ensure the project critical in the success and overall performance of the project (Carpenter, Bauer Erdogan, 2014). My leadership plan would be based on the three key areas of management, multiculturalism and teamwork. It is important that a leader envisions plans for the future. What the next step will be for the organization or how to revamp an existing platform that has become dated and needs a new direction (Hechanova, 2013). Therefore, it is im portant that the leadership model should not only focus on individual development but also on organizational development. The logical view of my leadership development model can be shown as below: The above leadership model suggests that the leader will be in charge of monitoring the activities of the management staff and the groups assembled for the project. The leader keeps and eye on production, quality and satisfaction within and outside of the organization keeping the organization on track toward meeting its goals and making corrections as necessary (Walters, 2016). In a nutshell it can be said that confidence, commitment and passion are the three most important skills of leadership. It is important that the leaders should have these attributes so that they can lead from front. Leaders should be able to take calculated risks and take the team together in the tough time. The core values that the above leadership development model focuses on are management, multiculturalism and teamwork. This outcome of the leadership development model would be the platform where leaders can practice charismatic leadership. The society is an interconnected global economy and it is important for leaders to understand the differences between cultures. There are various dimensions of diversity that the leaders should realize and try to inculcate in his or her leadership style. These dimensions of diversity can be shown as: The practice of these dimensions would enable leaders to emerge as a successful leader in the business world and multicultural society. A great leader or a good leader is one who can get the best out of the people. A true leader realizes that leadership is all about giving and serving (Hutchinson Boxall, 2014). The true leaders are always willing to serve the team, or community. The good leaders lead by setting the right examples. With the use of the above leadership development model, the organization or the group can have a transparent relationship and transparency is the basis of effective teamwork and organizational productivity. The leadership philosophy practiced in the above leadership model seeks to identify future goals and establish tasks and processes to achieve long-term goals. A leader is more easily able to identify future goals and create visionary ideas, however, this can be challenging if they are not able to manage their employees and keep their ideas realistic, measureable and relevant to the employees (Kempster Higgs, 2014). A manager is not able to see the future or have the risk taking ability to seek out innovative ideas. There are lot of leadership conceptual model. The model that I have elaborated above is discussed than the existing models in the market because this model focuses on the leadership aspects and not only on the managerial aspects. Managers tell people what to do. They tend to be autocratic. Leaders know their success comes from how well the team succeeds. They believe strongly in teamwork (Chreim, 2013). A manager is typically power driven, forcing their ideas on her team without any input from her team. A challenge that may occur from being a manager is that you may get more resistance from your team, because they may not feel that you take their opinions into consideration. A leader may be challenged by her/his administer pressuring her/him to be more assertive or aggressive when implementing change. It is important that the individuals should understand the difference between management and leadership while they are on the path to develop leadership skills. The same way a leader is out going in creating relationship and giving credit to where credit is due, they can also overstep boundaries and create discomfort if their EQ (Emotional Intelligence) is not up to par (Plucknette, 2014, p. 1). They may become a friend instead of a leader where relational issues might conflict between friend and leader. Managers as indicated can be more focused on the results, on how much product did we make, did everyone record their time correctly, and do our numbers look better than last months (Plucknette, 2014, p. 1). They can be very impersonal, consequently this will affect productivity and innovation. Managers as indicated only manage and really do not lead as a motivator and communicator. While informal leaders may have no management responsibility (i.e. Hollywood actors leading in various cultural or political causes), formal leaders always have some kind of managerial position built in to their position. Anyone in a managerial position is a formal leader unless they are managing a process or system that is devoid of humans. This brings us back to the question of whether there is a real difference between leaders and managers or is there some kind of semantic difference that is being pushed for some reason. I continue to believe that setting leadership and management against each other is simply a nicer way of talking about good leaders vs. poor leaders. The application of this leadership development model would depend on number of attributes. The application of this model at a personal level would depend on the planning. I believe that it is important that the individuals should planned well before implementing this leadership development model. Planning can be a very hard thing to do, not everyone is a great planner. Leaders should ensure their plans are well thought out and that they can explain the job duties to their employees (Lussier, 2016). Managers also have to make sure they are great managers and can delegate to their leaders exactly what they need from them.I can apply this model as I feel that I indeed am able to motivate the people that I work with, and that I truly have a good understanding of what it takes to demonstrate those skills on a daily basis. I must admit however that in regards to short-term results vs. long-term gains, I am still in the short term results area. I am working on learning more and more about l ong-term goal setting, and continuous quality improvement. I always have felt that I am able to learn so much from people that I am pleasured to work with, and there is absolutely nothing that says that my ideas are the only ones that will work. Working together with your team not only allows you the privilegeof learning from their ideas, but also shows a mutual respect for those on your team, by showing that you care about their thoughts and ideas. I always have felt that I am able to learn so much from staff that I am pleasured to work with, and there is absolutely nothing that says that my ideas are the only ones that will work. Working together with your team not only allows you the privilegeof learning from their ideas, but also shows a mutual respect for those on your team, by showing that you care about their thoughts and ideas. References Carpenter, M, Bauer, T Erdogan, B (2014) Principles of Management: Planning, Organizing, Leading, and Controlling, retrieved from https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/6?e=fwk-127512-ch01_s03 Hutchinson, A. Boxall, P. (2014), The critical challenges facing New Zealands chief executives: implications for management skills, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol.52, pp.23-41. Hechanova, R. M., Cementina-Olpoc, R. (2013). Transformational leadership, change management, and commitment to change: A comparison of academic and business organizations. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 22(1), 11-19. Kempster, S., Higgs, M., Wuerz, T. (2014). Pilots for change: exploring organisational change through distributed leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 35(2), 152-167. Lussier, R.N. Achua, C. F. (2016) Leadership; Theory, application, skill development, 6 th ed. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Plucknette, D. (2014).4 Differences between managers and readers. Plant Engineering. 68(10), p.16-18. Walters, N (2016) 17 of the biggest differences between managers and leaders, retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/biggest-differences-between-managers-and-leaders-2016-3 Reay, T., Chreim, S., Golden-Biddle, K., Goodrick, E., Williams, B., Casebeer, A., Pablo, A., Hinings, C. (2013). Transforming new ideas into practice: an activity based perspective on the institutionalization of practices. Journal Of Management Studies, 50(6), 963-990.

John D. Rockefeller

Introduction John D. Rockefeller made one of the most influential decisions of monopolizing the petroleum industry. John D. Rockefeller was born at Richford in New York in 1839. He lived a humble life and while still young, he used to sell candy. Additionally, he could make money by giving the neighbors loans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Monopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At around the age of sixteen years, he was employed as a bookkeeper receiving fifty cents in a day (Gunderman and Gregory 1). In 1859, he collaborated with Maurice B. Clark and started a wholesale business followed by an oil refinery after including Samuel Andrews in the business. As the demand for oil increased, Rockefeller bought the refinery from his partners after borrowing money. Later, he bought as well as build other oil companies. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller collaborated with his brot her and established the Standard Oil Company at Ohio. Standard Oil Company gave John D. Rockefeller the strength of driving away other owners of refineries by procuring their business premises (Baylor 1). At around 1880, the Standard Oil Company was refining approximately ninety percent of the United States oil. The company controlled all the oil refining processes and marketing procedures in the United States. As a result, John D. Rockefeller had a strong influence on the quality of oil products produced and the market price. In 1890, John D. Rockefeller retired as the president of the company and Theodore replaced him. During the reign of Theodore, he initiated antitrust actions, which led to the collapse of Standard Oil Company into other small companies. According to Gunderman and Gregory, John D. Rockefeller survived in the business environment because of monopoly (1). Monopoly is a Greek word meaning alone or single. Monopoly exists when a particular business enterprise is the only supplier of a specific commodity (Baylor 1). The characteristic of monopoly is absence of competition to produce that commodity and a viable alternative product.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, monopoly has a significant market power and it usually control the prices of commodities. For instance, monopoly can increase the profit margin by producing goods in small quantities and selling them at higher prizes. Standard Oil Company was a monopoly. John D. Rockefeller used unethical business practices to monopolize Standard Oil Company. The Six Unethical Practices of John D. Rockefeller Reducing the Prices of Oil and Its Products John D. Rockefeller reduced the prices of oil and its products temporarily (Baylor 4). His competitors could not keep up with the reduced prices because they had not planned for the same. As a result, most of the business people who w ere dealing with oil and oil products ventured in to other types of enterprises. Those who could not survive in the competitive business environment sold their enterprises to Standard Oil Company. The lower prices of oil attracted many consumers, hence, Standard Oil Company managed to establish a strong customer base. According to the theory of economics, low prices more often than not reduce the profit margin of a business and can even make it collapse. John D. Rockefeller was not interested in the profit, but in monopolizing Standard Oil Company by driving away his competitors. He managed to stabilize Standard Oil Company at the expense of the profit. F or instance, between 1880 and 1890, the price of processing raw oil dropped by one cent while that of refined oil by twenty six cents per gallon (Baylor 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Monopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More By cutting down the prices of oil, John D. Rockefeller did not only win local consumers but also the international traders. Baylor stated that, in order for the Standard Oil Company to compete with the Russian Oil in the Asian and European Countries, John D Rockefeller subsidized the foreign prices of oil (5). Additionally, he supplied free products in order to establish a universal customer base. For instance, in 1870, Standard Oil Company supplied kerosene lamps to the interior parts of the globe and taught people how to use them. Procuring the Components Required Making Oil Barrels John D. Rockefeller purchased the components required to make oil barrels and as a result, his competitors were unable to transport their oil to the consumers (Baylor 3). This is because his competitors could not change the raw oil into refined products that the customers can consume. Thus, Standard Oil Company was the major supplier of refined oil products and it gained fame all over the w orld. With time, Standard Oil Company started producing barrels and selling them at a reduced price in order to attract many consumers (Baylor 3). For instance, John D Rockefeller was selling a barrel at one point five dollar while external suppliers were distributing at a price of two point five. This difference of one dollar facilitated the monopoly of Standard Oil Company because it attracted many consumers. Secret Deals with Railroad The major advantage of Standard Oil Company was its ability to get reduced rates from the railroads. John D. Rockefeller used the fame and prestige of Standard Oil Company to form an alliance with railroads, which gave it rebates in privacy (Baylor 4). Hence, the railroads reduced the shipping charges of Standard Oil Company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reduced prices enabled the standard oil company to compete effectively with other business enterprises that were charged high rates for the shipping. Some business enterprises could not cope up with the competition and they allowed the Standard oil to be a monopoly. John D Rockefeller secured special considerations from railroads via giving them some amounts of oil. For example, John D. Rockefeller used to give railroads sixty carloads of oil every day in favor of shipment from other oil businesses (Baylor 3). Railroads could carry oil from Standard Oil Company only instead of collecting supplementary products from other oil refinery companies. As a result, Standard Oil Company dominated the market by interfering with the supply chain management of other small refinery companies. John D. Rockefeller won his railroads consumers by building an oil loading facility next to the train station, renting his oil tanker and taking responsibility for any accident on a property that belong ed to railroad (Baylor 4). This allowed Standard Oil Company outdo Pittsburgh Refineries because they could not receive any discount from railroads. Therefore, standard Oil Company managed to monopolize the market by maintaining reduced prices. Buying Competitors Secretly Gunderman and Gregory stated that John D. Rockefeller borrowed money and bought other oil refinery companies in secret (2). He then sent some of the workers from the procured company to find out the business deals of other oil refinery companies. John D. Rockefeller used the report of the findings to take caution against a competitive business deal. For instance, if an oil company plans to reduce the price of oil products, Standard Oil Company would lower their prices further. Some competitors that John D. Rockefeller had bought established oil companies and other refineries joined them. The aforementioned business development created competition with the Standard Oil Company. As a result, John D. Rockefeller secre tly hired the managers of the competitors companies and gave them high pay so that they do not produce any oil product (Baylor 2). The refineries that produced small amount of oil maintained an expensive skeleton team. Standard Oil Company acquired approximately ninety percent of the refining industries. In order to facilitate monopoly, John D. Rockefeller secretly bought dominating oil refinery companies but did not change their names to standard oil company. For instance, Baylor stated that John D. Rockefeller bought Creek Oil Company in Pennsylvania but he did not change the name to Standard Oil Company (5). As a result, the workers of Standard Oil Company and Creek Oil worked collaboratively. The sales of Standard Oil increased because customers who were against the company were still buying the oil because they thought it belonged to Creek Oil Company. Buying or Creating Other Companies That Sell Oil Related Products John D Rockefeller created companies that sell oil related pr oducts like pipelines as well as engineering firms that operated independently but gave Standard Oil Company rebates. In 1879, Standard Oil Company became a monopoly in the oil transport industry after John D. Rockefeller created an oil pipeline company (Baylor 3). Although Tidewater Pipe Line Company tried to compete with Standard Oil, it did not succeed. This is because John D. Rockefeller bought an exclusive chatter to construct its industry where Tidewater Company had planned to build one. As a result, Tidewater Company entered into an agreement with the Standard Oil Company so that they could survive in the competitive business environment. Since Standard Oil Company had control over the market, it restricted the pipeline business activities of Tidewaters to eleven point five percent and retained the remaining percentage. Standard Oil Company managed to form secret collaboration with the South Improvement Company. Thus, South Improvement Company proposed the secret cartels of t he Standard Oil Company and gave them rebates while raising the charges for the other refineries industries (Baylor 2). On the other hand, the South Improvement Company used to get rebates from other oil refinery industries as well as information about the prices of their products. John D. Rockefeller would be given the abovementioned information and he was able to regulate the oil prices and underpin his competitors. Moreover, Standard Oil Company used to ship their barrel on the Standard Oil Company railroad in exchange of a discount of forty cents per barrel. As people became aware of the dirty games of John D. Rockefeller in the oil industry, he had already acquired twenty two out of twenty six of his competitors in Cleveland. Use of Thugs John D. Rockefeller used thugs to coerce competitors who could not be persuaded to collaborate with him. Ida Tarbell, an European competitor tried to attack Standard Oil Company by arraigning the impact of John D. Rockefeller on other oil refi nery companies. When John D. Rockefeller realized the mission of Tarbell, he tried to engage him in an agreement. Tarbell refused and John D. Rockefeller send the owners of small refinery companies to destroy his oil pump and well by burning or smashing them (Baylor 3). The aforementioned tactic ensured that standard Oil Company remained a monopoly. The Net Worth of John D Rockefeller and Carlos Slim Helà º John D Rockefeller net worth was six hundred and sixty three point four billion dollars as of February (Ash 171). He got his money from oil businesses. He operated standard oil company for twenty seven years before retiring in i897. He is the founder of Rockefeller and Chicago universities. He was generous and supported tertiary institutions like Harvard, Yale and Columbia.John D. Rockefeller founded the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research and the Education Board in order to increase the opportunity of people to learn. He was a philanthropist. Carlos Slim Helà º is the r ichest person in the world with a net worth of sixty nine billion dollars (Ash 171). He gets his money from his telecommunication, retail and mining business enterprises. Some of them include Conglomerate, Telmex and Grupo Carso. He is the chief executive of Telmex. Every one dollar that each person in Mexico spent, twenty cents belongs to Helà º. It is predicted that in the next five year, the net worth of Helà º will increase by approximately thirty billion dollars if he maintain the same race. Conclusion John D. Rockefeller made one of the most influential decisions of monopolizing the petroleum industry. He used unethical business practices to monopolize the Standard Oil Company. On the other hand, he was generous and made sure that he donated ten percent of his dues every month. He is the richest man that has ever lived with a net worth of sixty three point four billion dollars as of February. Works Cited Ash, Russell. Top Ten of Everything. Oxford: Oxford Publishers, 2006. P rint. Baylor, Christopher. â€Å"The Life of John D. Rockefeller.† Education Humanities 3.4 (2001): 1-6. Print. Gunderman, Richard and Matthews Gregory. â€Å"Educating Leaders: Insight fron John D. Rockefeller.† Academic Radiology 1.1 (2012): 1-3. Print. This essay on John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Monopoly was written and submitted by user Joslyn Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Never Too Late for an Online MBA Essays

Never Too Late for an Online MBA Essays Never Too Late for an Online MBA Essay Never Too Late for an Online MBA Essay It’s often said that it’s never too late to chase your dream; and nowhere is this truer than when it comes to education. Some people are able reach their educational goals early on in life – heading straight to college and even graduate school immediately following their high school graduation. But there are others for whom this normally accepted schedule does not make any sense. The evolution of a career or family commitments may push off the desire for a degree; a desire that may be revisited later in life. Luckily, for those who desire to pursue their degree later on in life – even an MBA – can pursue that degree online, eliminating the logistical constraints of juggling career and family and driving to a campus to attend classes several times a week. Today, non-traditional students – such as adult students who are already engaged in a career and other responsibilities – can pursue an online MBA from the comfort of their own home. With an online MBA program students can logon to virtual classes where they can complete the reading and other assignments along the same schedule as more traditional classes; the difference, of course, is that students can set their schedule to accommodate their other responsibilities instead of trying to fit travel and classes in to an already busy day. With careful planning and a commitment to this new phase in their lives students can earn their online MBA and realize their educational dreams no matter what the stage of their lives.

What Form Will Domestic Terrorism Take in the Future in the United Research Paper

What Form Will Domestic Terrorism Take in the Future in the United States - Research Paper Example This was a form of domestic terrorism since the perpetrators of the bombing were US citizens. This paper discusses the form that domestic tourism is likely to take in future in the US. It presents a comparison of the right wing comprised of white extremists, left wing, animal and eco terrorists and the influx of radical Islam in to the US. Right vs Left Wing Movements Both right and left wing movements share revolutionary ideologies. According to FBI (2009), the militia movement remains the most recent anti-government right wing movement. These extremist groups have been persistent in the US since the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma. The extremists comprise people who share anti-government ideologies. They are opposed to taxation by the federal government as well as the regulations imposed on economic activities. The militias also resist the federal government’s involvement in international activities as well as equality with regards to racial and religious minorit ies. In other words, they can be described as white supremacists and anti-government groups. The Ku Klux Klan is one of the renowned white supremacist groups. FBI further notes that right wing terrorist groups such as the Skinheads and the neo-nazis are significant security threats to the US. They engage in activities such as bombing as well as indiscriminate shooting in cities (Mullins and Young, 2010). Bjelopera (2011) argues that leaders of these groups promote the advancement of highly structured conspiracy theories making members to believe and behave in ways that make the group undesirable to the law abiding citizens. Some of them advocate for the removal of the term ‘illegal fire arms’ depicting that they would wish that they be allowed to own weapons. Considering their extremist ideologies and the fact that some have paramilitary organizational structures, the federal government has made concerted efforts to quell any terrorist plans that may cause harm to the p ublic through arresting any person possessing illegal arms. The more the federal government exerts pressure on these extremist groups, the greater their efforts to make their ideologies acknowledgeable among susceptible citizens. According to Lerner (2003), right wing extremists make efforts to affirm the need for pursuant of their goals. Their strategy is focused on indoctrination of the public with false philosophies against the government. Left wing domestic terrorism dates back to the late 19th century in the US. It was associated with anarchist groups who were against capitalism. These groups were backed by revolutionary immigrants from Eastern Europe (FBI 2009). Even though left wing terrorism began to decline in the mid 1980s, they left a trail of destruction, worst of all the killing of President William McKinley in 1901 and several bombings perpetrated on US industrialists and capitalists. The most recent left wing groups include; Weather Underground, SLA and the FALN among others who used strategies that instilled fear among the public such as widespread kidnapping and bombing of populous places such as Chicago’s Haymarket. These were among the strategies that the left wing terrorists used to attract attention to their ideologies. However, according to FBI, the only active left wing extremist group is the Puerto Rican separatist movement (Mullins and Young, 2010). Animal and Eco Terrorists Animal and eco terrorists are groups that focus on special interests such as

Dining Room in Authentic Elizabethan Style Assignment

Dining Room in Authentic Elizabethan Style - Assignment Example A typical building of the period is Wollaton Hall (1588), Nottinghamshire, built by Robert Smythson; it was the first English house to abandon the traditional central courtyard and to place in its stead a high-ceilinged great hall lighted by gallery windows and surrounded by classically proportioned, multi-windowed wings. Bible box - the bible box appeared, these were small side chests designed to hold the family bible. They were later made with a sloping top to facilitate writing and reading. It was the forerunner to the writing desk. They were oak, left natural or finished with oils or beeswax. Colour: During Elizabethan times, color schemes varied depending upon the location of the home. Lighter colors tended to be avoided in town and city dwellings due to pollution. Another factor in color choice was often determined by the availability of pigments. In country areas, interior decorations were often carried out by traveling craftsmen who carried limited supplies. Paint had to be mixed on site with whatever locally available ingredients could be found. For example, the blue-green color wash used on wooden paneled walls in country areas was derived from the earth pigment terra verde, mixed with egg whites and buttermilk. It is, nevertheless possible to make some general statements. For example, during the first half of the Victorian era, walls were usually light colors except for dining rooms and libraries. The second half gave way to much more vibrant, rich colors such as vivid greens and mahogany brown typically found in bedrooms. During this period, the general feeling w as that deep, rich colors enhanced the importance of a room. Owen Jones, architect and theorist of color and ornament, published a handbook, in 1856, called The Grammar of Ornament. The basis of Jones's theories on the use of color was that it was aesthetically correct to use a complex pattern consisting of one main color and many subsidiary colors. Considerable thought was given to creating the right balance of both color and texture between wall, molding, ceiling and woodwork. Adding texture to a room was achieved through the use of wallpaper; stenciling and specialist paint finishes such as sponging, marbleizing and spattering. In most cases it was very difficult to distinguish wallpaper from paint. The simulation of various kinds

The myth of original of Islam and how the I slam presented and use Research Paper

The myth of original of Islam and how the I slam presented and use example from Holy Quran and comparing it with the first story of creation in Genesis in the Bible - Research Paper Example reement in claiming that Adam was originally formed from the mud, that transforming a bunch of mud into an alive being is performed by God, that the formation of Adam took place before the formation of his companion Eva and that she was formed from the ribs of Adams (Von Rad 1973). But the Quran recounted that Eva was formed from the body of Adam only not identifying if it was from his ribs. It was recounted in the Bible that God gave Adam the ‘breath of life’, whereas in the Quran it is narrated that God gave Adam a ‘heavenly spiritual breath’ (Barto 2009, 88). This essay thus compares the Biblical and Qur’anic account of the Creation and the Fall of Man. The Bible begins with the beginning of time, the Creation. It is a complicated narrative that dominates the first chapter of the first book of the Bible, fittingly referred to as Genesis, and expands into the later chapter, where the story progresses and trails the story of our first parents, Adam and Eve. According to Katheer and Kamal-ad-Din (2001), obviously, the Christians read a similar Bible even if they referred to it as the Old Testament, and they usually understand it in a different way from its Jewish authors. However, the Muslims—the third group of Monotheists—have their own distinct rendition of such prehistoric episodes in a matching Scripture, the Quran, which they similarly worship as the Word of God. The description of the Quran of the absolute beginning of time, even though the same with that of the Bible in several points and meaning, both stipulate a supreme creation from naught, for instance, and on the Grand Designer’s crafting of humankind, is not specified in the continuous storyline of Genesis. The Quran is an anthology of God’s revelations to Muhammad over the final two decades of his existence (Sawma 2006). They are partitioned into 114 Surahs, but several of these Suras in all likelihood enclose multiple revelations. The Quran, therefore, is a compilation of

Role of Cognitive Mapping in Health Care Management Decision

Role of Cognitive Mapping in Health Care Management Decision Describe and discuss the role of cognitive mapping in health care management decision making. Description of Cognitive Mapping Cognitive mapping is an operational research technique that consists of creating a graphical representation of a persons (or groups) way of thinking about an issue, and where directionality within the map is assumed to imply perceived causality among the concepts (Eden, 2004). The proposed value of the graphical representation, as argued from the field of political science, is that it makes it easy to for anyone to see how concepts and causal relationships are related, and appreciate the overall structure of all the assertions (Eden 2004 cited Axelrod 1976, p. 676). It is one mechanism of system dynamics simulation modelling that generally came about as a reaction to failure of traditional approaches to capture interactions within complex problems in social systems (Edkins et al. 2007 cited Checkland 1981). It avoids the common research process pitfall of reductionism by allowing multiple conflicting views to be revealed and, providing a comprehensive picture of the participants perspectives but keeping all details to represent beliefs that are most important to stakeholders represented (Duryan, Nikolik, Merode, 2015; Eden Ackermann, 2004). Cognitive mapping was initially introduced as a method for problem analysis. But recognizing its value, it has then found roles in performance measurement, decision making, and strategy formulation. Eden and Ackermann (1991) expounded on the possible uses of this technique in becoming an instrument for developing consensus about shared goals, providing structure to multiple and conflicting aspects of an issue, informing negotiation, and suggesting actions to resolve issues. Use of Cognitive Mapping in Health Care Cognitive mapping is argued to be best for messy situations wherein stakeholders do not understand the problem or interpret them differently, and often do not realize it (Mingers 2008 cited Ackoff 1979a). Healthcare decision making falls into this realm as it has always been complicated by information asymmetry, trade-offs between efficiency and equity, or moral ambiguity that become legitimate sources of uncertainty and debate among stakeholders. In fact, the first uses of cognitive mapping in operational research were in healthcare, education, and defense (Eden Ackermann, 2004). Mingers (2008) described an example in 1997 Manchester, where the UK Health Authority commissioned the Salford Community Trust to develop an integrated approach to childrens services. Mingers argued that while the project seemed straightforward, it turned out to be a messy problem as there was no agreement on the definitions of service specifications, services to be included, direction of the strategy, and how the project should be tackled. There were also many stakeholders involved in the issue (i.e. government, doctors, patient groups, industry) that had very strong opinions about the project. If the group were to make a plan based on epidemiology, practice guidelines, budget constraints and other numerical factors alone, without taking into consideration the stakeholders differing views, the proposed program would likely fail during implementation. Situations like these are common in healthcare decisions given the complexity of issues faced at doctor-patient, organizational, and national-policy level. Mathematical and statistical methods provide a narrow focus on measurable aspects of decision that fails to catch the reasoning, motivations, and interactions relevant to achieving these outcomes. Problem structuring through cognitive mapping provides an opportunity for healthcare decision makers to systematically measure these missing interactions and assess their impact to the goal under assessment (Pidd, 2004). Sachdeva et al (2007) explored the added value of cognitive mapping from traditional approaches in understanding patient flow delays in a Pediatric Intensive Unit (PICU) of a Childrens Hospital in Wisconsin, USA. Hard operations research (OR) results using modelling were persuasive, but became inadequate to result to change given politically sensitive issues that arose. Soft OR using cognitive mapping that was done identified new issues and offered a more holistic and comprehensive understanding of the issues complexity that helped persuade decision makers to act on the recommendations. SODA The most common technique for cognitive mapping is the Strategic Options Development Method (SODA). SODA is an ethnographic method derived from interviews that are intended to represent the participants subjective worlds the theoretical basis of which is explained by personal construct theory (Eden 2004 cited Kelly 1995) wherein people make sense of their world by seeking to manage and control it. SODA uses a formal modelling technique with rules for its development as described by a user guide developed by Eden and Ackerman (Ackermann et al., 1991). The transcripts of the interviews are separated into short distinct phrases (nodes) that eventually get sorted as goals, strategic directions, or potential options. Fidelity in transcription is imperative to represent the participants intentions and to promote ownership of the resulting map created. The concepts are linked (arrows) to determine accurate subordination of concepts, directionality and opposing poles to create the overall structure. While the map is an important output of its own, these can also be subject to further analysis to gain deeper insight, such as: Analysis Map Characteristics Goals Head analysis Nodes with only incoming arrows To identify end goals or effects Density analysis Number of mentions of the concepts To determine potential key issues from the perspectives of the participants that may need further examination Centrality analysis Number of links to the concept, or ratio of arrows to concepts To measure the importance and complexity of the concepts implication chain Hierarchical cluster analysis Number of concepts in chain or arguments linked to option To identify most potent options or valued outcomes to influence on the goals Potency analysis Number of goals each option supports To prioritize options with consequences for the biggest number of key issues Composite tail analysis Ranking of potency analysis To determine the single action that may cause multiple goals to be achieved Source: Summary by Author Healthcare Example of Using SODA A case study by Duryan et al. (2015) on intellectual disability care in Netherlands made use of SODA to determine factors that adversely affect delivery of patient-centered care as evidence for future resource allocation. Following SODA guidelines, the team conducted one-on-one, semi-structured, hour-long interviews with the managers and patient group leaders within one division of a residential care facility. Initially, they were thought to have contrasting goals financial sustainability for the managers and quality of care from resource constraints for the patients. Using the Decision Explorer software, cognitive maps were created and merged to reflect the combined views. Key assumptions were then discussed and verified, and follow-up focus group discussions with different subgroups of the patients (young vs old) and their families were done to refine the ideas represented by the initial group. The merged map was then subject to head, domain, centrality, potency analysis, and comp osite tail analysis. Results showed that group leader freedom to make decisions, flexible shifts, and time spent with patients were the most potent options/solutions, and therefore needed quick action by the managers. According to the researchers, the exercise successfully facilitated critical analysis of the problem and fostered ownership of the proposed solutions by all stakeholders. Seeing the different/ opposing thoughts organized and their end-goals similar also helped reach consensus and manage disagreements. Expansions of SODA While SODA provides solutions to complex strategic processes, it lacks a mechanism to allow for agreement among the strategies to be developed. SODA was developed further into JOURNEY Making (JOintly Understanding Reflecting and NEgotiating strategY) to become a process-oriented and management-science strategy by using the composite map in a workshop setting as a tool to help negotiation and explore policy options that will allow the issue to be intelligently resolved (Mingers, 2008). Another method, the Oval Mapping Technique (OMT), creates a cognitive map but through a highly participative strategy workshops. White et al (2007) used JOURNEY Making to collect and define public values and voices among stakeholders involved in a community hospital project in South London. Intergroup workshops were done in phases to map/graph the issues and options related to the decision. The process resulted to wide acceptance of the recommendations and an official plan enacted by the Department of Health. This is one among many examples of the opportunity to use these newer OR tools in healthcare strategy management planning at both organizations and the national policy arena. Limitations Cognitive mapping provides an opportunity to deal with messy problems in a systematic way, but general acceptance of it as a method is still lacking. Mingers (2008) explains that especially in the United States, it is viewed as a soft OR method not regarded for publication in top journals nor teaching in courses among top schools. The concerns on subjectivity of results remain valid that even though the process is systematic and rigorous, they are still variable and dependent on both study design and recruitment. The cognitive maps developed will depend largely on the choice of participants, their active participation, their personal motivations, and the assumption that they are adequately informed of the problem. And the probability of one person skewing the result is high given the small sample (i.e. 4-10 people) used for these activities. The method also assumes adequate facilitation by the research team to determine the key nodes and domains, which may not always be the case. Also, while cognitive mapping provides a snapshot of the decision making, it does not promote understanding over time periods and cannot be used to derive numerical assessments of its impact (Pidd, 2004). Cross-validation or triangulation using many models of the same issue may be done to increase its validity (Abernethy et al, 2005). Combination of soft and hard methodologies is believed to increase acceptance and sustain organization change especially in healthcare settings (Sachdeva et al., 2007). And, it should always be used in conjunction with other methods for research data gathering, monitoring, performance measurement, or decision support. Lastly, for cognitive mapping to be useful in decision support, it requires the decision makers to understand the method/process, recognize the value of the issues at the front line, take the results seriously, and act on the recommendations. It is therefore crucial for any research team using this method to help the decision makers appreciate the approach and engage with the recommendations. Reference Abernethy, M. A., Horne, M., Lillis, A. M., Malina, M. A., Selto, F. H. (2005). A multi-method approach to building causal performance maps from expert knowledge. Management Accounting Research, 16(2), 135-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2005.03.003 Ackermann, F. ., Cropper, S. A., Eden, C. L. (1991). Cognitive Mapping for Community Operational Research-A Users Guide. (E. Munford, A., Bailey, T., Ed.), Operational research tutorial papers. Duryan, M., Nikolik, D., Merode, G. Van. (2015). Reflecting on the efficacy of cognitive mapping for decision-making in intellectual disability careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: a case study. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 30(August 2013), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2215 Eden, C. (2004). Analyzing cognitive maps to help structure issues or problems. European Journal of Operational Research, 159(3), 673-686. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00431-4 Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2004). Cognitive mapping expert views for policy analysis in the public sector. European Journal of Operational Research, 152(3), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00061-4 Edkins, A. J., Kurul, E., Maytorena-Sanchez, E., Rintala, K. (2007). The application of cognitive mapping methodologies in project management research. International Journal of Project Management, 25(8), 762-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.04.003 Mingers, J. (2008). Reaching the Problems that Traditional OR/MS Methods Cannot Reach. Centerbury. https://doi.org/10.1080/00369220601100075 Pidd, M. (2004). Systems Modelling Theory and Practice. Systems Modelling Theory and Practice. Retrieved from http://www.untag-smd.ac.id/files/Perpustakaan_Digital_1/DECISION MAKING Systems modelling, theory and practice.pdf#page=16 Sachdeva, R., Williams, T., Quigley, J. (2007). Mixing Methodologies to Enhance the Implementation of Healthcare Operational Research. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 58(2), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.2307/4622680 White, L., Bourne, H. (2007). Voices and values: Linking values with participation in OR/MS in public policy making. Omega, 35(5), 588-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2005.11.002

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

Journal According to Sigmund Freud, events and emotions that are particularly disturbing are repressed into the unconscious. Often times this theory is true, but for people suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, they only wish that it were true. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD, is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. People with PTSD have persistent frightening thoughts and memories of their ordeal and feel emotionally numb, especially with people they were once close to. They may experience sleep problems, feel detached or numb, or be easily startled. PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes. People with PTSD may startle easily, become emotionally numb (especially in relation to people with whom they used to be close), lose interest in things they used to enjoy, have trouble feeling affectionate, be irritable, become more aggressive, or even become violent. They avoid situations that remind them of the original incident, and anniversaries of the incident are often very difficult. PTSD symptoms seem to be worse if the event that triggered them was deliberately initiated by another person, as in a mugging or a kidnapping. Most people with PTSD repeatedly relive the trauma in their thoughts during the day and in nightmares when they sleep. These are called flashbacks. Flashbacks may consist of images, sounds, smells, or feelings, and are often triggered by ordinary occurrences, such as a door slamming or a car backfiring on the street. A person having a flashback may lose touch with reality and believe that the traumatic incident is happening all over again. PTSD affects about 7.7 million American adults,but it can occur at any age, including childhood. Women are more likely to develop PTSD than men, and there is some evidence that susceptibility to the disorder may run in families. PTSD is often accompanied by depression, substance abuse, or one or more of the other anxiety disorders. Many people with anxiety disorders benefit from joining a self-help or support group and sharing their problems and achievements with others. Internet chat rooms can also be useful in this regard, but any advice received over the Internet should be used with caution, as Internet acquaintances have usually never seen each other and false identities are common.

Benefits of Electronic Medical Records

Benefits of Electronic Medical Records Stephanie Fine HCS/490 December 5, 2011 Cindy Perkins Benefits of Electronic Medical Records * â€Å"In 1972, the Regenstreif Institute developed the first medical records system† (Unknown, History of Electronic Medical Records, 2011, Para. 3). Since then, health care facilities across the nation are beginning to see the benefits that electronic medical records have on both health care providers and patients as well. This paper will discuss the benefits of electronic medical records for patients as well as one aspect relating to the values and importance of maintaining confidentiality when using this mode of communication. This paper will provide at least one reason this mode is an effective means of communication between consumers and providers and explain how this mode of communication differs from others. Finally, this paper will show how media and social networking change communication in health care as well as how electronic medical records can be used to market health care products or services. Although there are many benefits for patients and Electronic medical records this paper will focus on the top three. The first benefit would be that â€Å"Electronic medical records (EMR’s) help improve the care of patients and reduce medical errors in doctors’ offices† (Huckestein, 2011, Para. 1). This is because all of a patients medical records are kept in one place and access ed through a secured web portal by any provider that the patient must see. This leave less room for errors due to unspoken information that can be critical to the patient but forgotten to say to the provider such as allergies, medications, and previous diagnoses. The second benefit would be the ease of access. Most health care facilities that use electronic medical records also use e-prescriptions as well. â€Å"Prescriptions are electronically sent directly to pharmacies and are ready to be picked up after the office visit† (Huckestein, 2011, Para. 5). This helps to cut down on time and eroors made in patient medications. Along with quick prescription services the patient does not always have to wait for the doctor’s office to open to request information from their providers. â€Å"Patients may also be able to request referrals, prescriptions refills, and appointments through the Internet from their physicians’ offices† (Huckestein, 2011, Para. 5). The third benefit of electronic medical records for patients is the comfort of knowing that their medical records are kept safe , secure , and will never be lost. Keeping these records electronically, especially in the cases where patients can also gain access to them, means the patient won't be left without the records she may need† (Torrey, 2011, Para. 7). This is especially comforting to have if the health facility were happen to close or go out of buisness. The patient knows that he or she will still have all necessary records to continue with the health care that he or she needs. * While ease of access is very important, secu rity of electronic medical records is just as important. Health providers are required to abide by all HIPAA laws within the office as well as electronically. It is very important that not only health care staff but patients as well keep all passwords and user information to themselves and never reveal security information with others. This helps to ensure that all medical information is kept safe and free from identity theft and other crimes involving sharing or reveling medical information to anyone who is not authorized to view it. One reason this mode is an effective means of communication between consumers and providers the ease of access to all medical records in the event of an emergency situation. When a patient is well or seeing a provider for non emergency situations they are able to provide accurate information needed to help keep electronic medical records up to date. This data is kept in the same file and used to help the patient in the event of an emergency that perhaps the patient is unable to speak or inform the health prov iders of their medical history, medications, and or disease or illnesses they may have. At most, quick access to our records can be lifesaving if an emergency occurs and answers to those questions are needed during the emergency decision-making process† (Torrey, 2011). This can be very useful if the patient happened to be on vacation or out of town. It can â€Å"Provide a single, shareable, up to date, accurate, rapidly retrievable source of information, potentially available anywhere at any time† (Unknown, Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Health Records †¦ , 2011, Para. 12). * It is clear that electronic medical records are beneficial and different from any other mode f communication. This is because it is a direct link between both the provider and the patients. It is also set up to still be available regardless of a tragic event such as 911. Paper files, fax, and phone messages can be destroyed in a flood or fire but electronic medical records are here to stay. â€Å"Large scale EMR systems replicate their stored records in several places across the country so that one tragic event won't destroy them† (Torrey, 2011, Para. 4). * Another area that can be benefited by electronic medical records is health care product and service providers. Just like the ads one may find on social networks like face book and MySpace, ads for health care products and services can be place on the web portals that patients and providers use to obtain their electronic medical records. On the patient side, the patients can see new and upcoming health care products that they can discuss with their providers to help with medical issues. They can also see service ads for sites such as Web MD and the Mayo Clinic that help answer other questions they may have regarding healthier lifestyles and other information. On the provider side, there could be ads on new medications and drug reps that can help them decide what medications they would like to prescribe in their facility. * In conclusion, electronic medical records are a huge step forward in the health care world for both providers and patients. This paper has discussed the benefits of electronic medical records for patients as well as one aspect relating to the values and importance of maintaining confidentiality when using this mode of communication. This paper has provided three reasons this mode is an effective means of communication between consumers and providers and explained how this mode of communication differs from others. Finally, this paper has shown how media and social networking change communication in health care as well as how electronic medical records can be used to market health care products or services. * References Huckestein, D. (2011). Patients Benefit from Electronic Medical Records. Retrieved from IHA: http://www. ihacares. com/index. cfm/news-room/patients-benefit-from-electronic-medical-records/ Torrey, T. 2011, April 11). The Benefits of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs). Retrieved from About. com: http://patients. about. com/od/electronicpatientrecords/a/EMRbenefits. htm Unknown. (2011, September 14). Electronic Medical Records, Electronic Health Records †¦ . Retrieved from Open Clinical: http://www. openclinical. org/emr. html Unknown. (2011). History of Electronic Medical Records. Retrieved fr om http://www. nasbhc. org/atf/cf/%7BCD9949F2-2761-42FB-BC7A-CEE165C701D9%7D/TA_HIT_history%20of%20EMR. pdf * * * * *

Local authorities are better placed to respond to crises and disasters

Local authorities are better placed to respond to crises and disasters Introduction Local and central governments have different roles to play in the response and management of disasters. In this context, disaster means a â€Å"sudden catastrophic event that brings any enormous destruction, damage, loss and/or devastation of property and life† (Taylor 1986, ‘Coordination for Disasters’ p.12).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local authorities are better placed to respond to crises and disasters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The damages so referred are immeasurable and vary in magnitudes depending on the inflicted region’s geographical location, climatic conditions and earth’s surface degree of vulnerability. During the occurrence of disasters, the social systems of emergency responses remain more often than not rendered disrupted and malfunctioned. Any hazard that causes immense human suffering amounts to a disaster if it is unpredictable occurring in a large enough speed to out power the response systems, characterized by uncertainty, urgency and the posing of intense threat. For any disaster to take place, people must be living in hazardous places for instance near volcanoes that are active, slopes susceptible to slides, or in regions likely to flood. In addition, the hazardous phenomenon must take place, whether it is human or naturally instigated. Finally the occurrence of the â€Å"disastrous phenomenon must cause immeasurable extensive damages especially where preventive measures have not been taken† (Taylor 1986, ‘The Context of British Politics’ p.57). Therefore, as the paper unveils, disasters do not include single incidents of human life losses such as a plane crush but rather entangle widespread human sufferings such as an intense earthquake, financial, outbreak of certain infectious diseases, flooding, or even human instigated disasters such as Chernobyl or sea express spill among others. The essa y will look at the roles of the central government in control and management of disasters as contrasted from the local government’s roles and finally evaluate the combined hands of both governance levels to draw a conclusion on which governance level is best placed to cope with disasters management. However, as is exposes, the reverse of the proposition is the case. Overview of the history and practice of civil defense Various theoretical perspectives have been formulated by different nations to cope with disasters. For instance, in 1991 â€Å"†¦the UK government launched a review of disasters preparations in the nation† (Alexander 2000, p.71). A national aim geared towards enhancement of nationwide emergencies planning agendas was published in 2003.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The agenda focused on putting into place resilience measures fo r the nation to respond to aftermaths of disruptive challenges as opposed to measures of risks reduction via anticipation or alternatively redundancy measures. According to Comfort (1994, p 157), such an approach makes an assumption of â€Å"†¦a capacity to reorganize resources and action to respond to actual danger, after it occurs†. Resilience here entangles specialized protections, which are standardized and centralized methodologies of hazards prediction. According to the civil contingencies bill, all the above mentioned resilient measure are all duties of local governments with an exception of centralization which is a mandate of central governments. â€Å"The general requirement of the bill, as an embodiment of current government thinking, seem to make it clear that central government’s desire is to distance itself from response to local disasters whilst trying to ensure adequate local preparation† (Lupton 1999, p.83). Crucial to note is that disaster s idiosyncrasies are not ardently necessary addressed by putting in place formal ways of disasters preparations. According to Comfort (1994), some of the idiosyncrasies include â€Å"need to be flexible in response and to be prepared to innovate† (p.158). Armed with these idiosyncrasies, any form of disaster response system can be sure to respond to the specific requirement of any new moment. As result â€Å"Central government desires to remain detached from local emergencies can be justified in the context and remains consistent with a theme of appropriate decentralization† (Taylor 1986, ‘The Context of British Politics’ p.56). Historically, differences exist in the manner in which decentralized and centralized nations handle disasters. The centralized governments have â€Å"fewer decision takers and that they are placed at a higher level in the response hierarchy† (Alexander 2000, p.164). The hierarchical and centralized models designed to handle disaster have received enormous critics since they have been perceived as having the capacity to hinder free information flow and consequently posing a tragedy in decision-making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Local authorities are better placed to respond to crises and disasters specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern trends however, are based on coming up with remote structures that are adaptable to specific incidents and which posses amicable familiarity with appropriate responding services. As Penning-Roswell (1996) observes, â€Å"†¦at least in the case of natural hazard, although there is tendency to focus disaster response at local level, because of the intimate knowledge of the environment in which the emergency is occurring† (p.123) a broader disciplinary and geographical perspectives makes better insights be realized. Whether the disaster response is well established at local level as opposed to central level of governance is subject to essential requirements such the generic role of the government and the ability to have appropriate leadership during, before and after the occurrence of any disaster both at national and at local levels. Local and central government Leadership and disasters response Leadership encompasses willingness and the availability of good will to act in an appropriate way. Leadership, Prior to occurrence of any disaster, is essential despite the fact that more often than not, it is not easily recognizable. Under normal circumstances, deferring traits are demanded from those occupying authority positions during times of emergencies. Leave alone at local level, the capacity of the leaders at central government level to provide appropriate directive in times of disasters is subject to critics as for example during the hurricane Katrina disaster. Penning-Roswell (1996) noted that â€Å"Mismanagement and lack of preparation in relief effort in respons e to hurricane Katrina and its aftermath: specifically delayed response by federal flood protection to the flooding of New Orleans, Louisiana was attributed to leadership gaps that occurred on occurrence of the disaster† (p.142). This poses a big question on the credibility of the leaders to provide quick directions in times of emergency. Despite the fact that the state and local authorities have primarily responsibility to play in response to disasters with consequences of pointing the finger of blame on governor Blanco and Mayor Nagin, the central government slow response was particularly to be to be noted.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The central government has all the essential resources that can be mobilized for quick response to disasters but the beaurocracy to be followed such as the requirement of the financial and assessment of the damages caused before the actual release of state resources to deal with the disasters compounds the problem. Even though the local authorities may be well familiar with the environmental conditions of their localities and hence well positioned to determine the rescue services required much quickly, some disasters exceed their financial allocations or rescue equipments wealth. In most situations, those who are responsible for making urgent decisions on behave of a state are normally at the top hierarchical leadership levels. However, it takes some remarkable time before these leaders are acquainted with magnitude of damages due to the hierarchical established information flow channels with a repercussion of delayed rescue missions. If the local governments were conferred with, th e requisite ability to make quick decisions that can enable them to divert funds that were initially intended for other local government functions to the response of the disasters. It should be noted, â€Å"†¦if a consistently effective response to disasters is to be approved at the local level the realizable approach to the leadership role in time of crises is required† (Penning-Roswell 1996, p.151). According to the work of De Waal (2005) â€Å" rises tend to produce responses that require swift decisions to be made by relatively small groups of senior managers in order to deal with short term threats and that administrative and organizational centralization is a byproduct of this initial response† (Para 7). Small group of decision makers as a result has a capacity to make quick decisions In the event of crisis. Such a scenario is typically to be found in the at local government level if at all they have all the necessary resources to mobilize. A critic to this line of view would argue that, an assumption that the leaders in the central government would assume their acquaintance with unfamiliar environment and release funds to cater for disasters is anticipated. Another obstacle in arguing that the local governments are well positioned to deal with disasters than central governments is their skill-level of diversification required which in most cases not possible. Alexander (2000) says that, â€Å"relying entirely on local lead in the response to a disaster requires that a very substantial number of seniors and middle management officers are appropriately selected and trained for the role, one that might never occur in their careers† (p.88). With the increased pressure on resources allocation, issues confining the local authorities to particular mechanism of arriving at decisions raises questions about local governments ability to make rescue plans independently and if at all they are given this opportunity, would such plans be up t o date and available at the time of disaster occurrence? Research conducted by Pitt (2007, Para. 2) called upon the â€Å"government to show leadership and urgently set out the process and timescale for improving resilience in UK†. In his report, he identified the central government being at the best possible position to solve disastrous problems since it is the one, which has the capacity to make appropriate nationwide binding policies to help curb disasters. Considering two alternatives, for disasters to be dealt with appropriately at local level, some randomness in training of staff is essential. The other way out is to deploy specialists of different disaster response skills management to all local authorities. This evidently is not possible since the nature of disasters is normally random and characterized by infrequent events. An example of such an encounter is the Exxon Valdez oil spillage in Alaska disaster. The communities in Alaska have experienced distinctive histo ric disasters. As Browning and Shetler (1992) note, â€Å"three major disasters have occurred in this region during the twentieth century, each the largest of its kind in north America: Katmai eruption of 1912, the great Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and the Exxon Valdez oil spillage† (p.477). With occurrence of disasters in the same region, local communities acquired noble skills in disaster management accompanied by organizational skills. Browning and Shetler noted in their study of Exxon Valdez oil spillage disaster that, â€Å"†¦creativity, knowledge, energy and organization of local communities are sources that are not adequately tapped under the current contingency planning process† (p.480). However, were the skills reflected in the Exxon Valdez oil spillage, how much did local authorities contribute to the disaster management? From the rapid and swift movement of the central government to contain the Katmai eruption in 1912, it clearly indicates that the centr al government, through appropriate leadership has a better position to contain disasters. This remains possible by provision of funds urgently to aid in the evacuation, resettlement and provision of essential humanitarian services to the victims: what the local governments despite having adequate local environmental knowledge lack. The generic role of the central and local governments The central government has a historic generic responsibility to protect and manage its society to ensure maximum welfare and services delivery. Disaster management is one of such indigenous societal responsibilities that the central government must play. However, in an attempt to save money, it diverts the responsibility to the local authorities while not considering the effectiveness and efficiency of the response. The generic responsibility of the central government to cope with big disasters within a nations surfaces evidently in Pitt’s work on the report of flooding disaster in the united ki ngdom. He pointed out that â€Å"the government should provide local resilience forums with the inundation maps of reservoirs to enable them to assess risks and plan for contingency, warning and evacuation† (Pitt 2007, Para. 5). The local government thus functions under the directives of the central government. It can thus be argued that in case the central government does not respond sufficiently to provide the right and within the right time, the necessary strides that need to be taken by the local authorities to respond to certain disasters, then the whole response process may end up being slowed or unsuccessful altogether. The government must act first in an attempt to lay out the foundation of the response process by ensuring that â€Å"critical infrastructure is as resilient as possible, whilst essential services providers should become considerably more active in local and national emergency preparedness and response† (Pitt 2007, Para. 6). Furthermore, the envir onmental agencies are more often than not under the control of the central government. As a result according to Cabinet Office Strategy Unit (2002), the environment agencies responsibility to â€Å" play their part by providing infrastructure operators with a specialized site-specific flood warning service, offering longer lead times to enable defenses to be set up in time†(p.79) depend on the central government willingness to take up its generic roles. Foucault argues, â€Å"†¦the neo-liberalist tradition of developed western nations shies away from too much state intervention and instead champions individual freedom and rights† (Lupton 1999, p.86). It is now that the local governments should come in, despite their limited capacity to cope with certain disasters sufficiently to aid the central government. According to Pitt (2007), the local governments should play a significant responsibility to facilitate management of risks of local flood by â€Å"taking the l ead in tackling local problems of flooding and co-coordinating all relevant agencies† (Para. 7). He further adds, â€Å"Upper tier authorities should establish oversight and scrutiny committees to review the work undertaken to reduce flood risks and publish annual updates on the work undertaken† (Pitt 2007, Para. 11). However, this is a single noble role of the local government as identified by Pitt, which for its success must depend to large extent on the central government’s responsibility to make and implement facilitating policies. On the other hand, disasters do not just present danger moments but rather the danger process. Managing the entire process is a mandate of the central government as part of its generic roles. Comfort (1994) was to the opinion that â€Å"a good deal of political decision making is now about managing risks-risks which do not originate in the political sphere. Yet have to be politically managed† (p.161). The largest political d ecisions with nationwide impacts are generally more affiliated to the central government than it is to the local governments. The central government via the established political systems has the noble role to ensure political decisions are arrived to such that they contribute to the overall welfare of the society nationally. From a different perspective, politics evolution and the associated impacts on central government generic duties are in a manner that translates the task of risks management to a serious issue that deserves more of central government address than the local government. The central government can be able to adjust certain provisions so that disasters can be managed in a humane way without interfering with the individuals’ stakes. Take for example, the flooding disaster. The central government is capable of relocating flood victims to some certain selected land acquired through revocation of ownership of lands since in many countries; the central government is mandated to regulate and control use of public land by the constitution. On the other hand, the local government only utilizes the land as stipulated by the central government. Responses by local government to disasters are normally received with critics. For instance, the response of sea express spill in UK resulted to the establishment of joint response centre (JRC) to address the problem. As Alexander (2000) notes â€Å" the conflict of normal services versus preparation for major incident manifested itself here in that the planning process that supported the JRC had not taken into account the effects of local government organizations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.121). Again, the express disaster resulted to existence of multiple cells of operation, which were clearly not integrated and lacked robust and clear coordination process. The ability of the local governments to go beyond local issues either at political or operational level remains questionable. Conclusion The essay has made ef forts to show that coordination, leadership and the generic responsibilities attributed to local and the central governments coupled with flexibility and innovation are essential elements of disaster management. These elements draw much of their necessary inputs from the central government so that they become robust and evenly distributed within jurisdiction borders without attracting contrasting or parallelism ideologies and stands. A singly established national disaster response agency cannot pragmatically deal with multiple and widely spread disasters alone. The local governments must thus take up, play ardently their anticipated roles, and support the local communities in times of disasters occurrence. However, a question arises on how reconciliation of numerous established local disasters response agencies routine operational imperatives can be harmonized to ensure a common, efficient and effective effort designed to ensure central objectives of public, environment and society protection from escalation of harm emanating from disastrous occurrences. As a result, central government stands up high being at a better position to respond to crisis and disasters than local governments. References Alexander, C., 2000. Comforting Catastrophe. Harpenden: Terra publishing. Browning, L., Shetler, J., 1992. Communications in Crisis, Communication in Recovery: A Postmodern Commentary on the Exxon Valdez Disaster. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 10 (3), pp. 477-498. Cabinet Office Strategy Unit., 2002. Risk: Improving Government’s Capability to Handle Risk And Uncertainty. London: Cabinet office. Comfort, L., 1994. Risk Resilience: Inter-Organizational Learning Following the Northridge Earthquake of 17 January 1994. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2 (3), pp. 157-170. De Waal, A., 2005. An Imperfect Storm: Narratives of Calamity in a Liberal-Technocratic Age. Web. Lupton, D., 1999. Risks. London: Routledge. Penning-Roswe ll, E., 1996. Criteria for the Design of Hazards Mitigation Institutions. (eds). Christopher hood David K.C. Jones. In Accident Design; Contemporary Debates in Risk Management. London: UCL press. Pitt, M., 2007. Learning Lessons from 2007 Floods. Available at https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100605032704/http://archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/pittreview/thepittreview.html . Taylor, A., 1986. Coordination for Disasters. In Disasters, 10(1), pp. 12-45. Taylor, A., 1986. The Context of British Politics. (ed). Jane Franklin. In The Politics of Risk Society. Cambridge: Policy press.