Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essays - 733 Words

In many literary works, there are characters in which portray both similarities and differences. In the Play A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, two of the characters have many oppositions and congruencies. These characters go by the names of Nora Helmer and Mrs. Linde. Ibsen characterizes these women by describing their comparable and contrasting personalities. He does this by describing their financial situations as well as their family lives. He describes these women, as opposites while in fact there are some distinct similarities. They share many of the same values and goals. Both Nora and Mrs. Linde are strong women with a weak exterior. Nora is described as a fragile woman that has been spoiled throughout her lifetime. The men†¦show more content†¦From this cause, Mrs. Linde had the same burdensome experience that Nora had to face. The two characters also have the characteristic of the desire for independence. While Nora found a way to save her husbands life, by taking h im to rest in the south, Mrs. Linde had to take over the responsibilities of running a household. These women must have had a horrible time surviving since they were both so dependent on their husbands. Another similarity is that Nora and Mrs. Linde appeared to be significantly weak, when inside they were stronger than their husbands were described to be. Nora demonstrates this at the end of the play when she decides to leave her family and grow up. Although Nora and Mrs. Linde share similarities, they also share many differences in their personalities. Even though the two women grew up in the same neighborhood, Noras family was substantially wealthier than Mrs. Lindes was. Nora had always been pampered and waited on hand and foot. Mrs. Linde had to concentrate on raising her two younger brothers because her mother had grown very ill and had passed away. Even now that Nora has three children of her own, she still does not have a sense of responsibility. The woman that raised her (Anne-Marie) is now raising her children. Mrs. Linde, on the other hand, has no children, but had to support two younger brothers until they were old enough to supportShow MoreRelatedEssay on Henrik Isbens A Dolls House1015 Words   |  5 Pages Independence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Most of us live a life where we do what we want and when we want without anyone telling us how to live our lives. This wasn’t the case in A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, where he illustrates to us how one woman lives a life through her father and husband. Throughout the play we see how a once childish like woman gains her independence and a life of her own. Ibsen shows us a very realistic play that demonstrates how on the outside Nora and Torvald seem toRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll House examines a woman’s struggle for independence in her marriage and social world. Through the use of character change, Ibsen conveys his theme that by breaking away from all social expectations, we can be true to ourselves. When Ibsen presents Nora Helmer, we see a â€Å"perfect† wife, who lives in a â€Å"perfect† house with a â€Å"perfect† husband and chil dren. The Helmer children have a nanny that raises them. By having the nanny, Nora has the freedom to come and go as sheRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pages Nora is a captivating character in Ibsens A Dolls House. She swings between extremes: she is either very happy or immensely depressed, prosperous or completely desperate, wise or naive, impotent or purposeful. You can understand this range in Nora, because she staggers between the person she pretends to be and the one she someday hopes to become. Throughout the play, Nora is portrayed as subordinate to her male counterpart, Torvald. As most other men during this time, Torvald believed that womenRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay739 Words   |  3 Pages A Dolls House By Henrik Ibsen Dramatic Critique The P’s Person: Nora, Torvald Helmer’s wife, and mother of Ivar, Bob, and Emmy. Peculiar trait: On the surface Nora’s peculiar trait seems to be her obsession for money. Her internal peculiar trait is that she desires to become significant to her husband. She spends money on material objects to decorate their home and dress up the family. The impression of the home appears perfect, like a doll’s house. Passion: Nora’s passion isRead MoreEssay on Henrik Isbens A Dolls House1485 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Doll’s House, a play by Henrik Ibsen, tells the story of Nora, the wife of Torvald Helmer, who is an adult living as a child, kept as a doll by her husband. She is expected to be content and happy living in the world Torvald has created for her. By studying the play and comparing and contrasting the versions presented in the video and the live performance, one can analyze the different aspects of it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ibsen’s purpose for writing thisRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesIbsens A Dolls House In Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House†, in Act Two Scene 6, Nora’s deceptive behaviour and desperation reaches its climax due to the arrival of the letter. This is because the letter contains the means she used to get hold of the money. During the time when the play took place, society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were supposed to play the role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children and made sure that everything around the house was perfectRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Henrik Ibsenamp;#8217;s A Dollamp;#8217;s House, considers a very delicate situation experienced by a Scandinavian family in 1879. Nora Helmer, the main character and adored wife of Torvald faces a life-altering dilemma. She has to decide whether to remain with her obsessive husband in his sheltered home, playing the part of a doll, or take the initiative to leave and seek out her own individuality. There are three minor characters that have a significant impact on the final decision that NoraRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay907 Words   |  4 Pages A Doll’s House nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In past history, society has been both very prejudiced and traditional with its view of gender roles. Often times a woman would not have had the same right to something as a man did. Many women however went against the law and tradition to do what they thought was right. In Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll’s House, Nora does something that is unimaginable during the time period. Nora’s husband Torvald believes he is the man of the house and that his wifeRead More Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pageshusband, he becomes understandably agitated; in his frustration he shares the outside world with her, the ignorance of the serious business world, and destroys her innocence and self-esteem. This disillusion marks the final destructive blow to her dolls house. Their ideal home including their marriage and parenting has been a fabrication for the sake of society. Noras decision to leave this false life behind and discover for herself what is real is directly symbolic of womans ultimate realizationRead More Transformation of Nora in Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesTransformation of Nora in Henrik Isbens A Dolls House During the time in which Henrik Isbens play, A Doll?s House, took place society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were supposed to play a role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children, and made sure everything was perfect around the house. Nora is portrayed as a doll throughout the play until she realizes the truth about the world she lives in, and cuts herself free. Nora Helmer was a delicate

Health Promotion And Its Implication On Occupational...

Introduction Studies indicated that occupational therapists have a remarkable opportunity to be involved in health promotion (Gronski et al., 2013, Metzler, Hartmann Lowenthal, 2012; Frenchman, 2014). They can make a distinct contribution by recognising and addressing the impact of habits and routines on managing chronic conditions and developing healthy lifestyles (Roberts, Farmer, Lamb, Muir Siebert, 2014). The aim and scope of this essay are to define health promotion and explore its implication on occupational therapy practice. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health and wellbeing (Maggie Scaffa, 2013). It has three key strategies including advocate, enable, and mediate (Tucker, Vanderloo, Irwin, Mandich Bossers, 2014). Health promotion is through these three strategies that aim to achieve the five actions of the Ottawa Charter which include build healthy public policy; create supportive environments; strength community action; develop personal skills; and reorient health services (Tucker, Vanderloo, Irwin, Mandich Bossers, 2014). In addition, the values of the health promotion include empowerment; equity and social justice; health as a human right; health as a holistic concept; and respect for cultural diversity (Tucker, Vanderloo, Irwin, Mandich Bossers, 2014). There are a wide ranges of specific interventions, such as back education program for school children to improve back posture,Show MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Interventions Essay1 300 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Health Promotion Interventions in Nursing Practice Nancy S. Hammack Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion NRS 429V Professor Barb McGraw March 24, 2013 Understanding Health Promotion Interventions in Nursing Practice The nursing profession is one of the largest health care professions, providing important opportunities for health promotion with potential to reform health at the legislative level. Health promotion is defined by Kreuter and DevoreRead MoreAbstract. Growing Up In The Foster Care System Can Be A1307 Words   |  6 Pagestrauma to children in the foster care system and how to better assist them once they reach 18. Occupational Therapy Practitioners’ Roles in the Promotion of Health and Wellness for This Population The issues discussed in the study were adolescence with PTSD leaving the foster care system that are transitioning to independent living. Older adolescence leaving the welfare system need an Occupational Therapy Practitioner that will be able to provide a close interpersonal relationship of understandingRead MoreThe Role Of Sociocultural, Socioeconomic, And Diversity Factors1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe importance of balancing areas of occupation with the achievement of health and wellness. (ACOTE Standard B.2.4). Explain the role of occupation in the promotion of health and the prevention of disease and disability for the individual, family and society. (ACOTE Standard B.2.5) Express support for the quality of life, well-being, and occupation of the individual, group, or population to promote physical and mental health and prevention of injury and disease considering the context. (ACOTA StandardRead MoreAmerican Psychiatric Association Of Occupational Therapists1087 Words   |   5 PagesAssociation of Occupational Therapist and College of Occupational therapists. (2011)What is Occupational Therapy? Available: http://www.cot.co.uk/ot-helps-you/what-occupational-therapy. Last accessed 03/12/2014. Byatt, K. (2008). Holistic care. In Mason-White, E., Mcintosh, A., Bryan, A., and Mason, T. (eds.), Key Concepts in Nursing. Los Angeles: Sage, 168-174 Chant, S. Jenkinson, T., Randle, J. and Russel, G. (2002) Communication skills: some problems in nursing education and practice, Journal ofRead MoreA Group Of Pediatric Occupational Therapists Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pagespediatric occupational therapists at KidsConnect Occupational Therapy Clinic in Houston. During my observational experience, I was able to observe the use of the Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-based (DIR) and Floortime model in clinical practice. This therapy approach focuses on the individual developmental differences of each child and utilizes social support and interaction to encourage the child’s ability to relate, share, and communicate with others. This therapy approachRead MoreRegistered Nurses And Members Of Various Professions Exchange Knowledge1107 Words   |  5 PagesRegistered nurses and members of various professions exchange knowledge and ideas about how to deliver high quality health care, resulting in overlaps and con stantly changing professional practice boundaries. This inter-professional team collaboration involves recognition of the expertise of others within and outside one’s profession and referral to those providers when appropriate. (American Nurses Association, 2010, p. 33) As a part of an inter-professional healthcare team, the educational journalRead MoreThe Assessment Of Rural Nursing2138 Words   |  9 PagesA profile of Bowen including the demographics, geographics, environmental and cultural characteristics of the small town will be explored. The health of the population will be looked at and how the profile of Bowen relates directly to the health impacts of Bowen’s residents. Employment and related health issues will be explored along with the added health concerns due to the tropical climate. Following this I will discuss the nursing theories and how they relate to the Registered Nurse in a ruralRead MoreTeam Based Transitions Of Care1240 Words   |  5 Pagesadvances in transitions of care programs for patients with Heart Failure (HF). The authors paint a clear picture about the scope of the problem and go on to discuss some of the most well-known and researched transitions of care interventions in current practice. Although many of th ese interventions have been successful, the authors report fact that programs vary in organizational framework, team composition, and program focus. Programs are also noted to differ based on population size and care setting.Read MoreImproving Breastfeeding A New Born3243 Words   |  13 Pagesmore difficult to handle when from a spouse or family member. I am to look into this and help the practitioner sooth the mother and, in terms of children such as siblings, the transition. Low levels of breastfeeding is considered as a relevant health threat for new-born children across the globe. UNICEF (2010) launched a â€Å"National Breastfeeding Awareness Week† which has continued each year ever since its initial start to promote the issue to mothers across the UK. They ran this initial campaignRead MoreHealth promotion in a diverse community using the tannahill model of health promotion2051 Words   |  9 PagesThe aim of this case study is to provide a detailed account of a patients holistic health care needs from a health promotion perspective utilising the Tannahill Model which will be described. In promoting the health of the patient maintaining individuality within a diverse community will also be discussed by the application of the model to the patient. Mary, the patient the study focuses on (surname withheld to uphold confidentiality), was chosen due to the writers involvement throughout the duration

Difference Between Short Run And Long Run - 1817 Words

In economics, we study four basic market structures. Each market structure possesses different characteristics to one another and these characteristics are what affect the degree of competition and pricing. A monopoly and perfect competition are positioned at both ends of the spectrum while oligopoly and monopolistic competition are in the middle of the two. However, the one market structure we will be focusing on is perfect competition. The main characteristics of this market structure are all products sold are homogenous, all firms are price takers, consumers have complete information when purchasing goods, all firms have little market share and there are no barriers to entry or exit. In this essay I will be describing how firms in a†¦show more content†¦They must also be able to meet their variable costs just to keep running and must also be able to develop the new low cost technology to keep up with the other firms in the carrot industry. The graph below can be used to show how the average firms fixed costs and average total costs decrease due to the lower cost technology. In the short run the firms fixed costs would decrease from AFC1 to AFC2 and therefore the average total cost would also be reduced from ATC1 down to ATC2. Like I previously mentioned above, firms that do not possess this technology must be able to produce revenue that at least meets their average variable costs in the short run. However, Lipsey and Chrystal state that â€Å"If its revenue is less than its variable cost at every level of output, the firm will actually lose more by producing than not producing†. Now that I have described what occurs in the short run when firms acquire new low cost technology, this brings us over to the long run. Like I mentioned beforehand, in the long run all fixed costs eventually become variable costs. Firms that did not previously possess the low cost equipment used to produce carrots and had managed to stay In business by meeting their variable costs would now been able to also develop and obtain the required technology to reduce their costs too. Therefore, all firms in the carrot market will now possess theShow MoreRelatedShort-Run vs. Long-Run Aggregate Supply Curves644 Words   |  3 PagesThere are some significant differences in the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves. The short-run curve can be said to only apply to the short-run, and is not applicable in the long-run (No author, 2012). The difference between the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curve is assumed to be that there is a period after the price of a good or service increases but the factor inputs have not adjusted yet to this increase. A basic example would be a service provider raising prices, butRead MoreManagerial Economics Chapter 9 Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pageswant at the market price. Which of the following statement is true when the difference between TR and TC is at its maximum positive value? MR=MC AND Slope of TR= Slope of TC When maximizing profits, MR = MC is equivalent to P = MC because The marginal revenue curve for a perfectly competitive firm is the same as its demand curve. Perfectly competitive firms should produce the quantity where The difference between total revenue and total cost is as large as possible. Profit for a perfectlyRead MoreMicro Economics Short Run Versus Long Run1310 Words   |  6 PagesMicro Economic Exam Long Run versus Short Run 1. Introduction Competitive market equilibrium is the traditional concept of economic equilibrium, appropriate for the analysis of commodity markets with flexible prices and many traders. It relies crucially on the assumption of a competitive environment where each trader decides upon a quantity that is so small compared to the total quantity traded in the market that their individual transactions have no influence on the prices. This paperRead MoreWhat Are the Benefits of Mobile Technology1139 Words   |  5 Pagesis accompanied by an increase in the quantity demanded. | Save Question 2 (5 points)    A supply curve that is parallel to the horizontal axis suggests that: | 1) | the industry is organized monopolistically. | | 2) | the relationship between price and quantity supplied is inverse. | | 3) | a change in demand will change price in the same direction. | | 4) | a change in demand will change the equilibrium quantity but not price. | Save Question 3 (5 points)    An antidrug policyRead MoreQuestions On The Interest Rate977 Words   |  4 Pageseuro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is zero percent, then (a) An investor should invest only in dollars. (b) An investor should invest only in euros. (c) An investor should be indifferent between dollars and euros. (d) It is impossible to tell given the information. (e) All of the above. 7. If the dollar interest rate is 10 percent, the euro interest rate is 6 percent, and the expected return on dollar depreciation against the euro is fourRead MoreThe Effect Of Monetary Policy On Determination Of Coal Prices1013 Words   |  5 Pagestested using the Dickey Fuller generalized least squares (DF-GLS) test (Elliott et al., 1996). Panel A of Table 1 reports the results of the DF-GLS test. Since the null hypothesis of a unit root cannot (can) be rejected for any of the levels (first differences) of the three variables at the 5% level, all the series are found to be nonstationary I(1) processes. It should be emphasized, however, that because of inability of the DF-GLS to capture the possibility of a structural break, the power of the testRead MoreEconomics954 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity cost in another situation then they will leave and do that. Normal profit is the minimum return, or cost necessary to keep the firm going. 5. (Short Run Versus Long Run) What distinguishes a firm’s short-run period from its long-run period? a. In the short run the firm’s resources may be fixed so it cannot change its output. In the long run all resources are available and the firm can change its output and size. 6. (Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns) As a farmer, you must decide how manyRead MoreThe Market Structures Of A Market Structure962 Words   |  4 Pagescomparison and contrast is necessary to distinguish each of these theories from one another. These market structures of the economy are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. These market structures will reveal the difference and similarities that each one has. Firstly, the perfection competition is a market structure that has four assumptions that define what it is to be in this market. The four assumptions include the following it has many sellers and buyers, itRead MoreEconomics Perfectly Competitive Market Structure Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesselect the output level at which the difference between the marginal revenue and marginal cost is greatest. This is equivalent to selecting the output where the spread between total revenue and total cost is greatest. In the short-run, it is possible for an individual firm to make an economic profit. This situation is shown in this diagram, as the price or average revenue, denoted by P, is above the average cost denoted by C . However, in the long period, economic profit cannot be sustainedRead MoreMonopoly and Discussion Board Posts1554 Words   |  7 Pageselastic good. 2. Externalities Explain the difference between a positive and negative externality. In your analysis, make sure to provide an example of each type of externality. Why does the government need to get involved with externalities to bring about market efficiency? What   solutions need to be provided for your examples? Guided Response : Review the discussion board posts of your classmates. What are some of the key differences between positive and negative externality? Respond to

Ajax Digital Information Code of Ethics Essay - 1404 Words

Ajax Digital Information Code of Ethics Not sharing name South University ITS1103 Ethics Information Technology August,13,2013 ADI Ajax Digital Information Code of Ethics We at Ajax Digital Information take pride in the professional appearance and actions of our employees. This is why we expect each one of our employees to uphold the highest moral standards while working at our establishment or accessing company data. Ajax Digital Information recognizes the threat of unethical activities to our establishment, and have created as set of mandatory guidelines. Here at ADI we plan to uphold the highest standards of business by providing professional, quality interactions with our customers and fellow†¦show more content†¦Only company e-mail shall be accessed and may only be used for ADI related purposes. 6. If at any point in time you witness/receive a questionable e-mail, you must contact upper management immediately. Section 4:- Guidelines for Preventing and Protecting against Viruses other forms of Malware. 1. Avoid all content that isnt related to ADI, I.E content of graphic/pornographic nature or content demeaning anyone in any manner. 2. Use all information for ADI purposes and not for unauthorized, unethical or illegal purposes. 3. Do not alter ADI software/hardware in anyway 4. Do not attempt to gain access to any other employees information and respect all employees privacy. 5. You must not use any outside software or device on ADI computer 6. Anti-Virus/Malware software shall be provided to each workstation accessing any ADI related material and should not be alter in any way. 7. All material containing suspicious content will be blocked/removed by server anti-virus software. 8. No personal security measure may be taken unless authorized by upper management. I.E Personal anti-virus program. 9. Anything suspicious should be reported to management immediately. Section 5:- Guidelines for usage of licensed software, shareware, and software piracy 1. Licensed Software †¢ All Software must be installed by a certified ADI staff member and should not attempt to be installed by any other employee. †¢ All Software must be approved byShow MoreRelatedConsumer Attitude Towards Mobile Shopping1265 Words   |  6 Pagesambitions of becoming a multichannel international retailer.† http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/MarksandSpencerCaseStudy.pdf With online presence being a large part of today’s businesses, MS is no exception in joining the digital world. Marks and Spencer’s mobile technology is so big that the mobile and tablet users of MS have been increasing each year and the â€Å"MS’s mobile sales were growing at a rate of 70% annually.† http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/MarksandSpencerCaseStudyRead MoreDevelopment of Web 2.0 and Social Media2838 Words   |  11 Pagesfocused on giving people the ability to collaborate and share information online. The transition from the old static web pages to the more dynamic and interactive web pages are what are referred to as web 2.0, this websites are well organized and are geared towards delivering of web applications to the users. Web 2.0 brings other improved functionalities like open communication emphasizing on web communities of users and open sharing information with each other. Web 2.0 has become more synonymous as aRead MoreIntro to Information Systems11970 Words   |  48 Pagestechnology to help people perform their tasks related to information processing. A. IT architecture B. IT infrastructure C. information technology D. management information systems E. IT services ANS: D REF: 1.1 Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions _____ is (are) data that have been organized to have meaning and value to a recipient. A. data B. information C. knowledge D. experience E. wisdom ANS: B REF: 1.1 Information Systems: Concepts and Definitions If Amazon usesRead MoreManagement Information Systems22991 Words   |  92 PagesEssential of MIS (9th edition) Chapter 1 1) As discussed in the chapter opening case, the Yankees use of information systems in their new stadium can be seen as an effort to achieve which of the primary business objectives? A) Operational excellence B) Survival C) Customer and supplier intimacy D) Improved decision making 2) Journalist Thomas Friedman s description of the world as flat referred to: A) the flattening of economic and cultural advantages of developed countries. B)Read MoreColgate Palmolive: Marketing Strategies and Programs5256 Words   |  22 Pagessoap: Protex, Palmolive * shower liquid: Protex, Palmolive * Liquid hand soap : Protex, Palmolive iii. Home care products are such as: * Fabric wash: Dynamo * Fabric softener: Softlan * Dish wash: Axion, Glo * Liquid cleaners: Ajax, Fabuloso iv. Pet nutrition products: Under its Hills brand, Colgate is also a manufacturer of veterinary products. Hill‘s markets pet foods primarily lies within two trademarks: Science Diet, which is sold by authorized pet supply retailers andRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesaccountability. The advent of social networking and other media has transformed the way citizens interact and how businesses market, promote, and distribute their products globally. The same can be said for mass collaboration efforts occurring through digital, online technology for the development of new and innovative systems, products, and ideas. Both social networking and mass collaboration bring new power and influence to individuals across borders and transform the nature of their relationships withRead MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 PagesNBA (National Basketball Associat ion) players get. Literature Review: Article 1: †¢ Title: â€Å"Toy for Boys? Women’s marginalization and Participation as Digital Gamers† by Garry Crawford and Victoria Gosling †¢ Connection to research problem: In this article, the authors suggest that women do not play video games (digital games) as much as men do and that this is mainly because the gaming industry views the concept of video games as belonging to men. This is connected to the researchRead MoreCloud Computing Security67046 Words   |  269 Pagesschedule are located at: http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/ In another change from the second version, there are some updated domain names. We have these changes: Domain 3: Legal Issues: Contracts and Electronic Discovery and Domain 5: Information Management and Data Security. We now have added another domain, which is Domain 14: Security as a Service.  © 2011 Cloud Security Alliance. All rights reserved. You may download, store, display on your computer, view, print, and link to the CloudRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 PagesCHAPTER 1 ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN OVERVIEW SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.1 The value of information is the difference between the benefits realized from using that information and the costs of producing it. 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Economics and Market free essay sample

?Assess the view that making an oligopolistic market more contestable is the best way to improve the efficiency of that market. The theory of perfectly contestable markets was presented as a generalization of the theory of perfectly competitive markets and was presented as providing guidelines for the conduct of regulation, namely to allow freedom of entry and exit and to ensure equal access of competitors. An oligopolistic market is a particular market that is controlled by a small number of firms. An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which only one company exerts control over most of a market, however in an oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market. A contestable market is one where incumbent firms face real and potential competition. A market with only one firm can still be contestable if there are serious threats of entry into that market. By increasing a market’s contestability, the overall efficiency should improve because it would make incumbent firms more productively, dynamically, allocatively and x-efficient. This essay will therefore argue that contestability is the best way to make a market more competitive as it improves all four aspects of efficiency. In order to improve a market’s contestability, barriers to entry must be lowered. The Royal Mail used to be a legal monopoly but now firms are allowed to enter the market for sending letters. This has increased contestability. Patents and other legislative barriers could be lowered in order to increase contestability. Firms are therefore able to produce products that they would previously not have been allowed to make. However there is also a danger that by reducing patents, firms and entrepreneurs will have no incentive to invent or innovate. Reducing tariffs, such as the European Union’s decision to reduce tariffs on imported goods from the within the EU from January 2014, will cause firms’ costs to diminish thus making it more likely that they will sell their goods. Additionally, by fighting against collusion, predatory pricing and cartels, it is easier for firms to enter the market which will increase contestability. Firms that would have considered colluding or entering a cartel are unlikely to do so in a contestable market because of the possibility of a new firm that can produce the good at a lower price or a hit and run entry. If there are low entry and exit costs then firms can engage in hit and run tactics. This means that if an industry is making supernormal profits, then a firm can enter and take advantage of the high prices and high profits. Cartels and collusion are both inefficient because they involve limiting output while raising the price of their good which makes them allocatively and productively inefficient. Thus a contestable market is more efficient. In an incontestable market, a firms’ aim of gaining monopoly power through profit maximisation by producing at the output of MC=MR (Figure 1) is productively, allocatively and x-inefficient because they can satisfice and produce above the SRACT (Figure 2). X-efficiency occurs when a firm operates on their SRATC and they are likely to be more inefficient if they are in an incontestable market because they do not need to produce on their SRATC. Productive efficiency involves producing at the lowest point on a firms short run average cost curve where AC=MC and Allocative efficiency occurs where MC=AR and when all resources are being distributed in order to meet demand. If this market were contestable, then firms would be forced to be produce at lower costs and sell at lower prices, thus being more efficient. Unless the incumbent firm reduces its costs, then they will have to leave the market or risk making subnormal profits. This can be seen on Fig. 3 where P2 and Q2 make normal profit thus avoiding threat of entry from other firms. This is in comparison to the incontestable market of P1 and Q1 where the firm profit maximises where MC=MR. Firms in a contestable market are therefore is productively, allocatively and x-efficient. As a result of the fact that firms, in a contestable market, need to continuously improve consumer choice and their quality of goods or services, they are more likely to dynamically efficient. Dynamic efficiency comprises of firms investing in better quality of product or more consumer choice. Although firms in an incontestable market are more likely to have larger supernormal profits, they are less likely to invest their money because they have less of an incentive to compete and may decide to satisfice rather than invest in research and development. Therefore a firm in a contestable market must be more dynamically efficient if they want to continue to make profit because they are competing with other firms and must differentiate themselves through an improved quality of product. Another way to improve contestability is through the internet. The internet can lower market costs and sunk costs for new firms. Firms no longer have to worry about spending excessively on advertisement to create powerful brand. With minimal expenditure, they can easily reach millions of consumers worldwide. Also, since the costs of exit are lower, more will be willing to take risk. Furthermore, the internet means some businesses may choose to operate completely online which significantly helps to reduce large overhead costs. However large established firms can practice limit pricing and can lower down the price of their goods to a level where new firms may find it unprofitable to join the industry.

The Mystery of Atlantis free essay sample

This paper explores the myth of the city of Atlantis. This paper examines the story of Atlantis, its myths, history, legends and literature. The paper focuses heavily on Plato and his account. The story of Atlantis has captivated the minds of humans for thousands of years. People from all walks of life have debated weather Atlantis really existed or weather it was just a story, nothing more. The myths and legends concerning Atlantis have come down through the centuries as one of the most enduring legends of all time. Thousands upon thousands of books have been written about weather Atlantis actually existed and there are even more secularization as to where Atlantis actually is. Some stories say that Atlantis was really the ancient land of Thera and the Minoan civilization, others insist that Atlantis was a gigantic island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that sunk 9,000 years ago, and still others even believe that Atlantis flew off from the Earth and become the moon. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mystery of Atlantis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is no doubt that Atlantis actually existed. Almost every civilization has a myth that tells of an ancient, corrupt civilization that was punished and was swallowed by the sea.